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. 2022 Oct 13;10:997028. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.997028

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Copyright © 2022 Lilienberg, Apáti, Réthelyi and Homolya.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of how microglia affect neurite generation of human NPCs and differentiating neurons. Microglia stimulated either with proinflammatory agents, such as IFNγ and LPS, or with anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and Il-13, promote neurite outgrowth in human neural progenitor cells. Proinflammatory activated microglia augment dendritic development, but inhibits axon generation in differentiating hippocampal DG granule cells. Microglia stimulated with anti-inflammatory cytokines supposedly support axon generation in granule cells.