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. 2022 Jun 16;107(11):988–994. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324047

Table 2.

Gram-negative species as percentages of all infant early-onset and late-onset bacteraemia (Gram-negative and Gram-positive) in high-income and low-income/middle-income countries*

High-income countries Early-onset disease (n=24 studies) Late-onset disease (n=25 studies)
Isolates, n Proportion (95% CI) Isolates, n Proportion (95% CI)
Escherichia coli 1454 19.2% (15.6 to 23.4%) 1418 7.34% (5.28 to 10.1%)
Klebsiella spp 91 0.95% (0.36 to 2.49%) 1401 5.28% (3.42 to 8.06%)
Pseudomonas spp 40 0.22% (0.01 to 0.79%) 406 1.21% (0.75 to 1.92%)
Enterobacter spp 16 0.08% (0.01 to 0.48%) 708 1.36% (0.64 to 2.88%)
Serratia spp 1 0.00% (0.00 to 99.5%) 254 0.50% (0.23 to 1.11%)
Proteus spp 4 0.03% (0.00 to 0.28%) 28 0.03% (0.01 to 0.19%)
Salmonella spp 0 N/A 4 0.00% (0.00 to 22.6%)
Citrobacter spp 19 0.02% (0.00 to 0.43%) 36 0.01% (0.00 to 0.17%)
Haemophilus spp 184 0.54% (0.18 to 1.62%) 6 0.00% (0.00 to 0.25%)
Neisseria spp 0 N/A 2 0.00% (0.00 to 2.43%)
Acinetobacter spp 31 0.08% (0.01 to 0.57%) 207 0.28% (0.09 to 0.90%)
Moraxella spp 0 N/A 7 0.00% (0.00 to 99.3%)
Other species or unspecified Gram-negative 180 1.41% (0.62 to 3.18%) 275 0.39% (0.14 to 1.03%)
Low-income/middle-income countries Early-onset disease (n=32 studies) Late-onset disease (n=30 studies)
Escherichia coli 481 7.50% (4.98 to 11.1%) 489 6.53% (4.50 to 9.39%)
Klebsiella spp 794 16.4% (11.5 to 22.7%) 974 15.0% (10.1 to 21.8%)
Pseudomonas spp 248 3.93% (2.04 to 7.44%) 232 2.81% (1.99 to 3.95%)
Enterobacter spp 203 1.76% (0.88 to 3.49%) 158 1.14% (0.55 to 2.34%)
Serratia spp 36 0.12% (0.02 to 0.62%) 67 0.12% (0.02 to 0.71%)
Proteus spp 21 0.00% (0.00 to 1.61%) 50 0.09% (0.01 to 0.52%)
Salmonella spp 11 0.00% (0.00 to 10.9%) 20 0.00% (0.00 to 17.4%)
Citrobacter spp 47 0.12% (0.02 to 0.60%) 75 0.10% (0.02 to 0.51%)
Haemophilus spp 0 N/A 14 0.00% (0.00 to 99.1%)
Neisseria spp 0 N/A 6 0.00% (0.00 to 97.4%)
Acinetobacter spp 318 2.33% (1.17 to 4.61%) 348 2.33% (1.20 to 4.46%)
Moraxella spp 0 N/A 0 N/A
Other species or unspecified Gram-negative 195 0.83% (0.29 to 2.37%) 184 1.28% (0.61 to 2.66%)

*Estimates obtained by random-effects meta-analysis; see online supplemental file 4 for heterogeneity statistics.

N/A, not available.