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. 2022 May 9;107(6):603–610. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322861

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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WU-based PRC analyses in the different delivery and feeding mode groups. Bacterial genera shown are the main drivers for differences between the groups and the baseline: positive effect on the curve is linked to increased ASVs in the positive spectrum and decrease of those in the negative spectrum. (A) Breastfed controls (AB-BF) were compared as a baseline to antibiotic exposed (AB+) and FF infants. (B) Specifically featuring the AB effect in breastfed children, with breastfed control children as a baseline (AB-BF) and (C) formula-fed children, with formula-fed control children as a baseline (AB-). (D) Vaginally delivered control infants (AB-Vag) were compared as a baseline to antibiotic exposed (AB+) and C-section delivered (Sectio) infants. Significance was tested at the different time points using an ANOVA like permutation test (*p<0.05). Delivery mode analyses were controlled for feeding mode and vice versa. AB-, infants who did not receive AB during their first week of life; AB+, infants who received AB during their first week of life also indicated within grey shading; ASV, amplicon sequence variants; BF, infants exclusively breast-fed in the first 3 months of life; FF, infants exclusively formula-fed in the first 3 months of life; PRC, principal response curve; Sectio, infants delivered through C-section, Vag, vaginally delivered infants; WU, weighted UniFrac.