Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Oct 13;9:940454. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.940454

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2022 Kazemifard, Dehkohneh and Baradaran Ghavami.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

How to build a probiotic-based vaccine: 1. Extract the antigen gene from the pathogen, 2. Amplify the gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 3. Build a recombinant expression plasmid by ligating antigen gene into a proper plasmid, 4. Transfect recombinant plasmid into a probiotic host, 5. Select successfully transfected recombinant probiotic bacteria 6. Probiotic-based oral vaccines could be manufactured with a recombinant probiotic host expressing the pathogenic antigen (Created with BioRender.com).