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. 2022 Oct 27;12(47):30785–30802. doi: 10.1039/d2ra04479j

Electrochemical creatinine detection on non-enzymatic systems based on nanomaterialsa.

Electrochemical technique Transducer Nanomaterial Linear range (μM) LOD (μM) Response time (s) Samples Ref.
CV Copper/SPCE — 6–378 0.0746 20 s Human serum 19
CV/DPV PAA gel–Cu(ii)/Cu2O NPs/SPCE Cu2O NPs 200–100 000 6.5 — Urine 20
SWV rGO/Ag NPs/GCE Ag NPs, rGO 0.00001–0.00012 7.43 × 10−7 — Urine 26
Amperometry CNT–ABTS/Nafion®/SPCE CNTs 0–21 300 11 50 s Urine 36
Amperometry CuO/IL/ERGO/SPCE CuO nanocrystals 10–2000 0.22 5 s Human serum 37
Amperometry CuO@MIP/CPE CuO NPs 0.5–200 0.083 — Urine 38
EIS MIP/carbon paste electrode — 0.18–5.92 0.18 — Human serum and artificial urine 39
CV Sb/NPC–GCE Sb NPs, NPC 0.6–1.0 0.74 — Human serum 40
DPV CP/MWCNT–Inu–TiO2 TiO2 NPs, MWCNTs 0.2–1 0.06 — Human serum 41
50–12 000 90 20 s Urine
DPV Ag NPs/MWCNTs/FA/CPE Ag NPs, MWCNTs 0.01–200 0.008 1.5 s Human serum and urine 42
CV Cu NPs/PDA–rGO–NB/GCE Cu NPs, rGO 0.01–100 0.002 — Human serum and urine 43
DPV/EIS MIP/Au–SCPE — 0.00088–0.00884 0.00014 — Urine 44
CV Phosphotungstic acid/poly(ethyleneimine)/ITO — 0.125–62.5 0.06 20 s Urine 46
CV/DPV Nafion®/polyacrylic gel–Cu2+/Cu2O NPs/SPCE Cu2O NPs 1–2000 0.3 — Saliva 47
DPV Fe3O4@PANI/creatinine/aniline/MGCE Fe3O4@PANINPs 0.02–1 0.00035 — Human plasma and urine 49
DPV MIP/Ag NPs/POM/rGO coated GCE Ag NPs, rGO 0.00005–0.0015 0.0000151 — Human serum, saliva 50
DPV MIP/Ni@PANI NPs/MCGE Ni@PANI NPs 0.004–0.8 0.0002 — Urine 51
DPV TMSPMA–GO-co-HEMA/MMA GO 44.2–265.21 16.6 2 min Human serum and urine 52
DPV Fe3+/CB NPs/SPCE CB NPs 100–6500 43 — Urine 53
DPV Pectin–MWCNT/CPE MWCNTs 0.016–3.3 0.6241 — Urine 64
DPV CdS quantum dots/PGE CdS quantum dots 0.442–8840 0.229 — Human serum and urine 68
DPV CDs/WO3@GO/GCE CDs 0.0002–0.112 0.0002 — Human blood and urine 69
SWV MXene/Cu ions/SPCE 2D MXene Ti3C2Tx nanosheet 10–400 1.2 15 min Human blood 77
DPV PMB/PVAc/Cu/CNF/ACF Carbon nanofibers CNFs 0.04–7.96 0.02 — Human blood serum, saliva 78
CV CuAg NPs/Nafion®/CB/CP CuAg NPs 0–320 — — — 81
Amperometry Polypyrrole/creatinine/Au — 0–1000 40 5 min Blood 99
CV/DPV Fe–Cu–rGO@Ag Fe–Cu–rGO nanocomposite 0.01–1000 0.01 Human blood 102
a

Abbreviations: CV: cyclic voltammetry; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; SWV: square wave voltammetry; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; MIP: molecular imprinted polymer; PMB: poly methylene blue; PVAc: polyvinyl acetate; CNF: carbon nanofiber; ACF: active carbon fiber; POM: polyoxometalates; PDA: polydopamine; NB: Nile blue; TMSPMA: trimethyl silane propyl methacrylate; HEMA: 2-hydroxymethacrylate; MMA: methyl methacrylate; IL: ionic liquid; ERGO: electrochemically reduced graphene oxide; CP/CPE: carbon paste/carbon paste electrode; Inu: inulin; CB: carbon black; ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); FA: folic acid; PAA: polyacrylic acid; CDs: carbon dots; Sb/NPC: N-doped porous carbon antimony nanoparticle.