. 2022 Oct 13;13:1010471. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010471

TABLE 4.

Hierarchical regression analyses of writing measures using reading efficiency and home literacy environment (HLE) as predictors.

			Word level				Sentence level				Text level

			Token		Type		Premodifier number		Premodifier mean		Content quality

Grade	Steps	Measures	Δ R²	β	Δ R²	β	Δ R²	β	Δ R²	β	Δ R²	β
3	1	Control variables	0.044		0.042		0.036		0.023		0.036
		Age		–0.060		–0.052		–0.085		–0.074		0.007
		Sex		0.121		0.133		0.085		0.104		0.131
		SES		–0.139		–0.123		–0.140		–0.056		0.084
	2	Reading efficiency	0.048^**		0.073^**		0.044^*		0.033		0.056^**
		Sentence reading efficiency		0.219^**		0.267^**		0.202^*		0.180^*		0.240^**
	3	Home literacy environment	0.030^**		0.038^**		0.060^**		0.011		0.019^*
		Formal		0.168^*		0.199^*		0.250^**		0.109		0.123
		Informal		–0.092		–0.052		–0.065		–0.028		–0.103

5	1	Control variables	0.100^*		0.192^***		0.041		0.022		0.126^**
		Age		–0.008		–0.012		0.032		0.029		–0.051
		Sex		0.180		0.280^**		0.211^*		0.023		0.120
		SES		0.116		0.189^*		–0.059		0.053		0.195
	2	Reading efficiency	0.043^**		0.049^***		< 0.001		0.001		0.010^**
		Sentence reading efficiency		0.162		0.174^*		–0.033		–0.067		0.050
	3	Home literacy environment	0.073^**		0.087^***		0.042		0.047		0.082^***
		Formal		0.068		0.047		–0.045		0.010		0.085
		Informal		0.282^**		0.315^**		0.224^*		0.236^*		0.294^**

Formal = onset age of parent teaching, informal = visiting frequency of places. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.