Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Trial Participants.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-carbohydrate diet (n = 75) | Usual diet (n = 75) | Total (N = 150) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 59.3 (7.0) | 58.6 (8.8) | 58.9 (7.9) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 54 (72) | 54 (72) | 108 (72) |
| Male | 21 (28) | 21 (28) | 42 (28) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Black | 39 (52) | 49 (65) | 88 (59) |
| Hispanic | 7 (9) | 4 (5) | 11 (7) |
| White | 37 (49) | 24 (32) | 61 (41) |
| Othera | 4 (5) | 2 (3) | 6 (4) |
| College degree or higher education | 48 (64) | 57 (76) | 105 (70) |
| Body weight, mean (SD), kg | 102.6 (21.8) | 96.4 (19.6) | 99.5 (20.9) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)b | 36.6 (7.2) | 35.3 (6.0) | 35.9 (6.7) |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 115.9 (14.8) | 111.8 (15.0) | 113.9 (15.0) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 123.4 (12.8) | 125.2 (15.4) | 124.3 (14.1) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 75.9 (8.1) | 77.9 (11.0) | 76.9 (9.7) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 6.17 (0.31) | 6.14 (0.30) | 6.16 (0.30) |
| Hemoglobin A1c <6.5% | 65 (87) | 65 (87) | 130 (87) |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 108.3 (18.1) | 101.2 (13.3) | 104.7 (16.2) |
| Insulin, mean (SD), μIU/L | 30.9 (13.8) | 29.3 (16.3) | 30.1 (15.1) |
| Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, mean (SD) | 8.4 (4.2) | 7.4 (4.3) | 7.9 (4.3) |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 173.9 (28.7) | 183.8 (35.2) | 178.8 (32.4) |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 49.6 (12.5) | 50.9 (12.2) | 50.3 (12.3) |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 101.7 (25.3) | 110.3 (31.3) | 106.0 (28.7) |
| Total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, mean (SD) | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.8 (0.9) | 3.7 (1.0) |
| Triglyceride level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 123.7 (61.3) | 115.5 (55.2) | 119.6 (58.3) |
| Antihypertensive medication use | 47 (63) | 51 (68) | 98 (65) |
| Lipid-lowering medication use | 27 (36) | 27 (36) | 54 (36) |
| Current smoker | 7 (9) | 2 (3) | 9 (6) |
| Physical activity level, median (IQR), metabolic equivalent-h/wk | 19.6 (8.3-39.0) | 14.9 (8.3-37.2) | 17.6 (8.3-37.7) |
| 10-y Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score, mean (SD), % | 7.7 (4.9) | 8.4 (6.7) | 8.0 (5.9) |
Abbreviation: HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
SI conversion factors: To convert glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555; insulin to pmol/L, multiply by 6.945; total cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; HDL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113.
a
Other includes Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, Native American or Alaska Native, or participant-specified.
b
Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.