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. 2022 Oct 11;14(10):2165. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102165

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of the content release from temperature sensitive liposomes (TSL). (a) Represents the mechanism of drug release from different TSL formulations, upon formation of the grain boundaries between phospholipids domains coexisting in gel-like and liquid-like states at the transition temperature of the phospholipid bilayer (reprinted from [109] under the Creative Commons license. (b) Represents the application of TSL in extravascular or intravascular drug release settings (reprinted from [113] under the Creative Commons license). Panel (c) illustrates the in vivo release behavior of Rho-PE labeled TSL (red) encapsulating a self-quenched concentration of carboxyfluoprescein (CF, 100 mM), before, during, and after application of heat. While, before heat, TSL does not release significantly observable CF, heat triggers the CF release, which is followed by diffusion into the tumor interstitium. After heating, since CF has no specific affinity to tumor cells, it diffuses back into the blood and washes away (reprinted with permission from [24]).