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. 2022 Oct 19;14(10):2231. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102231

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms by which ultrasound affects the blood–brain barrier at the cellular level. (1) Interaction of MBs and ultrasound transiently disrupts the tight junction of the endothelial cells to facilitate paracellular transport. (2) Ultrasound-mediated mechanical forces increase the transcellular transport across endothelial cells by several membrane poration mechanisms to shuttle the drug out of the vessel lumen into the brain. Permission for adaptation from [127] granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; accessed on 15 August 2022), otherwise created with BioRender.com.