Table 1.

Summary of hormones and their effects on lipid production and decomposition.

Hormone	Lipid Synthesis	Lipid Catabolism
Insulin	Promotion SREBP-1C, ChREBP↑ [7,8,11] FoxO1↓ [15]
Glucagon	Inhibition 1. SREBP-1C, ChREBP↓ [28,29] 2. ACC↓ [28,29]	Promotion 1. PPARα, Aox, CTP1, Ctp1a↑ [28,29] 2. ACC↓ [28,29] 3. HSL in adipocytes↑ [34,39,40,41]
Thyroid hormone	Promotion 1. SREBP-1C [56,57], ChREBP↑ [55] 2. ACC, Fasn↑ [65] 3. FATPs, L-FABPs↑ [60,61,62] 4. HMG-CoA Reductase↑ [75] Inhibition 5. PPARγ↓ [51]	Promotion 1. HSL [69,70,71], ATGL↑ [70,71] 2. PPARα↑ [53] 3. Lipophagy↑ [80] 4. PGC1α, mtTFA↑ [82] 5. MCAD [86], PDK4 [87], UCP2↑ [88] 6. CYP7A1↑ [76]
Estrogen	Inhibition 1. PPARγ↓ [110] 2. ACC, Fasn↓ [110]
Progesterone	Promotion 1. SREBP↑ [113]
Androgen	Promotion 1. SREBP, ChREBP↑ [116,117] 2. ACC, Fasn↑ [115]	Promotion [119,120]
Growth homone	Inhibition 1. PPARγ↓ [164,165,166] 2. Reducing insulin sensitivity [158]	Promotion 1. WAT lipolysis↑ [156] 2. HSL↑ [160,161,162]

SREBP, ChREBP and FoxO are important transcription factor regulating lipid production. PPARα promotes FFA β-oxidation by stimulating the transcription of FFA β-oxidation genes such as Aox, Ctp1a. PPARγ plays a role in promoting lipid synthesis. HSL and ATGL are enzymes that catalyze lipolysis. MCAD, PDK4, UCP2 are important enzymes in β-oxidation. FATPs and L-FABPs are protein transporters which mediate FFA-entering hepatocytes for substrates of liver TG synthesis.