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. 2022 Oct 5;14(10):2194. doi: 10.3390/v14102194

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed CHIKV signalling cascades. Engagement of the pathogen receptors in cells (TLR-X) and (RIG-I) induces a cascade that activates the type I interferons. Recognition of viral RNA in the endosomes of infected cells leads to the recruitment of adaptor proteins such as MyD88. This results in activating several signalling cascades and the phosphorylation of transcription factors: IRF3, IRF7 and NF-kB (Nuclear factor kappa B). When phosphorylated, these transcription factors can translocate from the cytosol into the nucleus and induce the transcription of type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-α). CHIK nsP2, E2 and E1 proteins suppress IFN-β through the MDA5-RIG-I pathway. Created with BioRender.com (Accessed on 11 September 2022).