Table 9.
Overview of thermal characterization (DSC) of amorphous samples obtained by ball milling.
| # | Sample | Molar Ratio/Composition | Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)/(°C) | Milling Temperature | Conditions | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2A | Furosemide-arginine | 1:1 | 127 ± 0.5 | 5 °C | 2 °C/min, −10 °C to 180 °C, 50 mL/min | [85] |
| Furosemide-citrulline | 1:1 | 77.1 ± 5.6 | ||||
| Nitrofurantoin-arginine | 1:1 | 139.1 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Nitrofurantoin-citrulline | 1:1 | 49.3 ± 2.1/108.5 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Cimetidine-arginine | 1:1 | 40.4 ± 3.1 | ||||
| Cimetidine-citrulline | 1:1 | 39.5 ± 1.5 | ||||
| Mebendazole-arginine | 1:1 | 53.5 ± 3.3/112.2 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Mebendazole-citrulline | 1:1 | 43.6 ± 1.2/112.1 ± 0.2 | ||||
| 3A | Sulfathiazole-polyvinylpyrrolidone | STZ/PVP Xpvp = 0.4 | 173.2 | Room temperature | 10 °C/min | [86] |
| Sulfadimidine-polyvinylpyrrolidone | SDM/PVP Xpvp = 0.6 | 146.7 | ||||
| 4A | Naproxen-cimetidine | 1:1 | 34.5 | 4 ± 2 °C | 10 K min−1 | [87] |
| 2:1 | 31.5 | |||||
| 1:2 | 40.2 | |||||
| 5A | γ-indomethacin–ranitidine hydrochloride | 1:1 | 32.5 | 4 ± 2 °C | 10 K per min from 0 to 160 °C | [28] |
| 2:1 | 34.3 | |||||
| 1:2 | 29.3 | |||||
| 6A | γ-indomethacin | N/A | 39.23 | 4 ± 2 °C | 10 K min−1 from 0 to 180 °C under nitrogen gas flow 50 mL min−1 | [88] |
| α-indomethacin | N/A | 37.92 | ||||
| 7A | Tadafil | N/A | 147 | Cryogenic temperature (liquid nitrogen) | 10 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere (60 mL/min) | [26] |
| 8A | Glibenclamide | N/A | 65 | Cryogenic temperature (samples immersed in liquid nitrogen) | 10 K/min from 20 to 190 °C | [89] |
| 9A | Trehalose dihydrate | N/A | 21 | Cryogenic temperature (samples immersed in liquid nitrogen) | 10 °C/min from 0 to 150 °C | [90] |
| 10A | Atenolol-hydrochlorothiazide | 1:1 | 311.44 | Cryogenic temperature (samples immersed in liquid nitrogen) | 10 °C/min, starting at −20 °C | [91] |
| 1:2 | 315.82 | |||||
| 2:1 | Not determined due to fast recrystallization | |||||
| 11A | Indomethacin-tryptophan | 1:1 | Tg ranges from 120 to 45 °C, decreasing as mol% of Ind increases | 6 °C | 2 K/min from −20 to 180 °C | [92] |
| Furosemide-tryptophan | 1:1 | Tg ranges from 138 to 80 °C, decreasing as mol% of Fur increases | ||||
| 12A | Dexamethasone | N/A | 115 < Tg < 120 | Room temperature | 0.663 °C and 50 S, “Heat only” conditions | [27] |
| 13A | α-lactose | N/A | 70 | 30 ± 5% relative humidity and 22 ± 3 °C | From 0 to 240°, 10 °C/min under N2 flow of 50 mL/min | [93] |
| 14A | α-D-glucose | N/A | 38 | −15 °C and 0% relative humidity | 5 °C/min, flushed with highly pure nitrogen gas | [68] |
| 15A | Mebendazole-ASPA | 1:1 | 91 | 5 °C, cold room | −10 °C to 180 °C, 2 °C/min, nitrogen flow was 50 mL/min | [94] |
| Tadalafil-ASPA | 1:1 | 102.9 | ||||
| Piroxicam-ASPA | 1:1 | 76 | ||||
| 16A | α-D-glucose | N/A | 38 | −15 °C and 0% relative humidity | 5 °C/min | [95] |
| β-D-glucose | N/A | 39 | 5 °C/min | |||
| 17A | Carvedilol, carbamazepine, furosemide, indomethacin, mebendazole-amino acids | 1:1 | A single Tg for each formulation | Cold room (+6 °C) | Nitrogen flow of 50 mL/min, 2 °C/min heated to 180 °C |
[31] |
| 18A | Indomethacin-lysine | 1:1 | 100 (DMB) | Cold room (+6 °C) | Nitrogen flow of 50 mL/min, 2 °C/min heated to 180 °C |
[96] |
| 19A | Mebendazole-tryptophan | Xmeb = 0.1 | 53.5 | Room temperature | −5 °C to 210 °C at 10 °C/min | [97] |
| Pioglitazona-tryptophan | Xpgz = 0.1, 150 min | 44.9 | ||||
| 22A | (S)-naproxen-L-arginine | 1:1 | 91.9 ± 0.2 | 6 °C | Nitrogen flow of 50 mL/min, 2 °C/min from −10 °C to 180 °C | [99] |
| 23A | Griseofulvin-tryptophan | 1:1 | 113.46 | NR | 25 to 300 °C, 5 °C/min | [100] |
| 24A | Naproxen-tryptophan-proline | 1:1:1 | 55.1 ± 3.1 | 6 °C | Nitrogen flow of 20 mL/min, 10 K/min, from −20 to 170 °C | [101] |
| Naproxen-tryptophan | 1:1 | 58.2 ± 0.5 | ||||
| Tryptophan-proline | 1:1 | 67.2 ± 6.8 | ||||
| 25A | Mebendazole-tryptophanphenylalanine | 1:1:1 | 107.5 ± 0.2 | 5 °C | 2 °C/min, heating to 180 °C | [102] |
| Mebendazole-phenylalaninetryptophan | 1:1:1 | 104.6 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Mebendazole-aspartatetyrosine | 1:1:1 | 61.2 ± 0.9 | ||||
| Mebendazole-histidineglycine | 1:1:1 | 34.9 ± 1.2/89 ± 0.6 | ||||
| Mebendazole-prolinetryptophan | 1:1:1 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Mebendazole-tryptophan | 1:1 | 128.7 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Mebendazole-proline | 1:1 | 96.9 ± 0.1 | ||||
| Mebendazole-proline-tryptophan | 1:1:1 | 56.3 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Mebendazole-tryptophan-phenylalanine | 1:1:1 | 119 ± 0.1 | ||||
| 27A | Indomethacin-arginine | 1:1 | 117 ± 4 | 6 °C | Nitrogen gas flow of 50 mL/min, 2 °C/min, from −10 to 180 °C, 0.212 °C and a period of 40 s | [104] |
| 29A | Naproxen-NAP(Na) | 2:1 | 55.8 | 4 °C | 2 °C/min, 0.2120 °C with a period of 40 s |
[106] |
| 1:1 | 40 | |||||
| 1:2 | NR | |||||
| 31A | Indomethacin-arginine | 1:1 | 62.9 ± 0.8 | NR | Nitrogen gas flow of 50 mL/min, 10 °C/min to 180 °C | [36] |
| Indomethacin-phenylalanine | 55.3 ± 0.4 | |||||
| Indomethacin-tryptophan | 62.7 ± 7.0 | |||||
| 32A | Simvastatin-lysine | 1:1 | 33.2 ± 0.9 | 6”C | Nitrogen flow of 50 mL/min, 10 °C/min, from −50 °C to 280 °C (depending on the sample) | [108] |
| Glibenclamide-serine | 1:1 | 70.1 ± 1.3 | ||||
| Glibenclamide-threonine | 1:1 | 58.4 ± 1.3 | ||||
| Glibenclamide-serine-threonine | 1:1:1 | 62.5 ± 4.5 | ||||
| 33A | Indomethacin-arginine | 1:1 | 36.7 ± 0.8 | 6 °C | Nitrogen gas flow, 20 mL/min, from −20 to 180 °C, 10 K/min | [98] |
| Indomethacin-phenylalanine | 1:1 | 64.1 ± 1.4 | ||||
| Indomethacin-tryptophan | 1:1 | 47.8 ± 2.9 | ||||
| Indomethacin-phenylalanine-tryptophan | 1:1:1 | 68.7 ± 2.6 | ||||
| Indomethacin-arginine-phenylalanine | 1:1:1 | 63.1 ± 0.8 | ||||
| Carbamazepine-tryptophan | 1:1 | 81 ± 0.6 | Nitrogen gas flow, 20 mL/min, from −20 to 200 °C, 10 K/min | |||
| Carbamazepine-phenylalanine-tryptophan | 1:1:1 | 75.1 ± 1.1 | ||||
| Carbamazepine-arginine-tryptophan | 1:1:1 | 65.4 ± 1.1 | ||||
| 35A | Carbamazepine-citric acid | 1:1 | 38.8 ± 2.7 | 4 °C | Nitrogen gas at 50 mL/min, 2 °C/min from 0 to 150 °C, 0.212 °C with a period of 40 s | [110] |
| Citric acid-arginine | 1:1 | 56.2 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Citric acid-arginine | 1:2 | 106 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Citric acid-arginine | 1:3 | 130.5 ± 0.1 | ||||
| Citric acid-arginine | 1:4 | 119 ± 0.1 | ||||
| Carbamazepine-citric acid-arginine | 1:1:1 | 77.8 ± 1.8 | ||||
| Carbamazepine-citric acid-arginine | 1:1:2 | 105.3 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Carbamazepine-citric acid-arginine | 1:1:3 | 127.8 ± 0.8 | ||||
| 36A | Glibenclamide-quercetin | 1:1 | 85.97 ± 0.29 | Cryomilled | Nitrogen glow of 50 mL/min, 1 °C/min | [111] |
| 37A | Mebendazole-glutamate-arginine (crystalline salt) | 1:1:1 | 37.8 | Cold rooms (5 °C) | Nitrogen gas flow of 50 mL/min, 2 °C/min, 0.212 °C (amplitude), 40 s (period) | [112] |
| Mebendazole-glutamate-arginine (amorphous salt) | 1:1:1 | 37.3 | ||||
| Meb-glutamatearginine | 1:1 | 36.5/77 | ||||
| Meb-arginineglutamate | 1:1 | 36.3/76.3 | ||||
| 42A | Candesartan cilexetil-hydrochlorothiazide | NA | 110 | Room temperature | Nitrogen gas flow, 100 mL/min, 10 °C/min, from 30 to 300 °C | [116] |