Table 1.

The origin, primary structure, secondary structure, length, and antibacterial activity of esculentins. Secondary structure prediction was performed by GOR IV algorithm (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_gor4.html accessed on 27 September 2022); Hh: Alpha helix; Ee: Extended strand; Cc: Random coil; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (μM); NA: not active.

Peptides Name	Species	Primary Structure	Secondary Structure	Length	MIC (μM)	Ref.
Esculentin-1	Rana esculenta	GIFSKLGRKKIKNLLISGLKNVGKEVGMDVVRTGIDIAGCKIKGEC	Hh: 19.57% Ee: 39.13% Cc: 41.30%	46	0.2 (E. coli D21) 0.1 (B. megaterium BmII) 0.4 (S. aureus Cowan 1) 0.7 (P. aeruginosab ATCC15692) 0.5 (C. Albican) 0.9 (S. Cerevisiae)	[43]
Esculentin-1SEa	Rana sevosa	GLFSKFNKKKIKSGLIKIIKTAGKEAGLEALRTGIDVIGCKIKGEC	Hh: 36.96% Ee: 26.09% Cc: 36.96%	46	1.1 (E. coli) 1.21 (M. luteus)	[44]
Esculentin-2a	Rana ridibunda	GILSLVKGVAKLAGKGLAKEGGKFGLELIACKIAKQC	Hh: 48.65% Ee: 8.11% Cc: 43.24%	37	0.4 (E. coli D21) 0.2 (B. megaterium BmII) 0.8 (S. aureus Cowan 1) 3.5 (P. aeruginosab ATCC15692)	[44]
Esculentin-2SE	Rana sevosa	GFFSLIKGVAKIATKGLAKNLGKMGLDLVGCKISKEC	Hh: 43.24% Ee: 32.43% Cc: 24.32%	37	0.3 (E. coli) 0.36 (M. luteus)	[44]
Esculentin-2-ALa	Amolops loloensis	GIFALIKTAAKFVGKNLLKQAGKAGLEHLACKANNQC	Hh: 62.16% Ee: 13.51% Cc: 24.32%	37	12.5 (E. coli) 7.5 (B. dysenteriae) 25 (A. calcoaceticus) 50 (P. aeruginosa) 2.5 (S. aureus) 2.5 (B. pumilus) 7.5 (B. cereus)	[45]
Esculentin-2-ALb		GIFSLIKTAAKFVGKNLLKQAGKAGVEHLACKANNQC	Hh: 56.76% Ee: 5.41% Cc: 37.84%	37	12.5 (E. coli) 7.5 (B. dysenteriae) 12.5 (A. calcoaceticus) 50 (P. aeruginosa) 1.25 (S. aureus) 2.5 (B. pumilus) 7.5 (B. cereus)
Esculentin-2CHa	Lithobates. chiricahuensis	GFSSIFRGVAKFASKGLGK DLAKLGVDLVA CKISKQC	Hh: 54.05% Cc: 45.95%	37	<6 (S. aureus)	[46]
Esculentin 2EM	Glandirana emeljanovi	GILDTLKQFAKGVGKDLVKGAAQGVLSTVSCKLAKTC	Hh: 27.03% Ee: 32.43% Cc: 40.54%	37	>75 (E. coli) <6.25 (S. aureus)	[47]