Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n = 101).
| Mean (SD) | N (%) | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child | |||
| Sex, male | 45 (44.6) | ||
| Age, mo | 11.9 ± 1.9 | 9.1–15.8 | |
| Race, white | 87 (78.0) | ||
| Refuse to answer | 0(0.0) | ||
| Gestational age, weeks | 39.4 (1.2) | 37–42 | |
| Birth weight, kg | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 2.4–5.2 | |
| Weight-for-length z-score a | 0.5 ± 0.9 | −1.7–3.1 | |
| Weight-for-age z-score a | 0.2 ± 0.9 | −2.4–2.6 | |
| Length-for-age z-score a | −0.3 ± 1.2 | −3.1–2.9 | |
| Conditional weight gain ᵇ | 0 ± 1.0 | −2.8–2.3 | |
| Breastfeeding duration | 8.1 (4.6) | 0–12.0 | |
| ≥6 mo | 69 (68.3) | ||
| First introduction to solid foods | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 2.0–9.0 | |
| <4 mo | 3 (3.0) | ||
| 4–5 mo | 42 (41.6) | ||
| ≥6 mo | 74 (55.4) | ||
| Mother | |||
| Age, y | 32.6 ± 4.3 | 22.8–46.3 | |
| Education level | |||
| Some college or below | 28 (27.7) | ||
| College graduate or higher | 73 (72.3) | ||
| Refuse to answer | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous | 56 (55.4) | ||
| Parous ≥ 1 | 45 (44.6) | ||
| Current BMI, kg/m2 | 30.2 ± 7.7 | 19.6–49.3 | |
| Normal weight | 33 (33.3) | ||
| Overweight/obese (≥25 BMI) | 68 (67.30) | ||
| Household total income | USD 91,386 (41,328) | ||
| <USD 30,000 | 6 (5.9) | ||
| USD 30,000–USD 69,999 | 24 (23.8) | ||
| USD 70,000–USD 109,999 | 43 (42.6) | ||
| ≥USD 110,000 | 28 (27.7) | ||
| Refuse to answer | 0 (0.0) |
SD = Standard Deviation; a Calculated by using the WHO growth charts; ᵇ Calculated using method described by Griffiths et al., 2009 [33].