. 2022 Oct 26:1–14. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s11301-022-00300-w

Table 2.

How to adopt humanity-based international R&D diffusion

Analytical units	Specific alternatives
International organizations	- The Sendai Framework needs to further discuss intellectual property rights on international R&D and prioritize the list of potential disaster victims toward the goal of international disaster management. - The European Innovation Council should focus on societal benefits rather than organizational monetary benefits in dealing with the regional impact of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Developed Nations	- Developed nations must make further efforts to diffuse R&D to developing nations and other developed nations. - Developed nations must not consider disaster management R&D diffusion as an issue of national security but of humanity, given that the occurrence of disasters may impact all nations.
Developing Nations	- Developing nations must realize the significance of international R&D diffusion in disaster management, particularly by referring to the cases of China and Bangladesh, among others. - Developing nations should prioritize the issue of disaster management, to mitigate both economic damages and human losses, and then increase patent applications for international R&D diffusion.

Analytical units

Specific alternatives

International organizations

- The Sendai Framework needs to further discuss intellectual property rights on international R&D and prioritize the list of potential disaster victims toward the goal of international disaster management.

- The European Innovation Council should focus on societal benefits rather than organizational monetary benefits in dealing with the regional impact of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Developed

Nations

- Developed nations must make further efforts to diffuse R&D to developing nations and other developed nations.

- Developed nations must not consider disaster management R&D diffusion as an issue of national security but of humanity, given that the occurrence of disasters may impact all nations.

Developing

Nations

- Developing nations must realize the significance of international R&D diffusion in disaster management, particularly by referring to the cases of China and Bangladesh, among others.

- Developing nations should prioritize the issue of disaster management, to mitigate both economic damages and human losses, and then increase patent applications for international R&D diffusion.