Table 1.
Synoptical review of cases of vitiligo after COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination reported in medical literature.
| Authors, Reference Number, and Year | Type of Study | Sex/Age (Year) | Country of Origin | Clinical Course | Onset after Vaccination | Localization | Vitiligo Familial History | Comorbidities | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aktas H [5], 2021 | Case report | M/58 | Turkey | New onset after Pfizer- BioNTech first dose | 1 week | Face | No | Ulcerative colitis | Topical tacrolimus | 1 month: stable |
| Kaminetsky J [6], 2021 | Case report | W/61 | USA | New onset after Moderna mRNA-1273 first and second dose | Several days after first dose, progressing after second dose | Anterior neck after first dose, spreading to face, neck, chest, abdomen after second dose | No | None | Topical calcineurin inhibitor, phototherapy | Not reported |
| Ciccarese G [1], 2021 | Case report | W/33 | Italy | New onset after Pfizer- BioNTech first dose | 1 week | Trunk, neck, back | Yes (father) | None, ANA + (1:160) nucleolar pattern | Antioxidants systemic, heliotherapy | 1 month: stable |
| Herzum A [7], 2021 | Case report | W/45 | Italy | New onset after COVID-19 | 2 weeks | Limbs, face, trunk | No | None | Phototherapy | 1 month: stable |
| Lopez Riquelme I [8], 2022 | Case report | W/60 | Spain | New onset after AstraZeneca first dose | 3 days | Face and arms | Not reported | None | Topical tacrolimus | Not reported |
| Flores-Terry M [9], 2022 | Case report | W/39 | Spain | New onset after Pfizer- BioNTech second dose | 1 week | Face | No | None | Not reported | Not reported |
| Militello M [10], 2022 | Case report | W/67 | USA | New onset after Moderna mRNA-1273 first dose | 2 weeks | Dorsal hands | Not reported | None | Topical steroids | Not reported |
| Nicolaidou E [11], 2022 | Case report | M/69 | Greece | New onset after Pfizer- BioNTech first and second dose | Few days after first dose, progressing after second dose | Face, abdomen, back, upper and lower limbs | No | None | Phototherapy | 2 months: partial improvement |
| Singh R [12], 2022 | Case report | W/43 | USA | New onset after Moderna mRNA-1273 first dose | 3 weeks | Left upper arm (at the site of injection), face, scalp, chest | Not reported | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, type II diabetes, psoriasis | Topical steroids and topical tacrolimus | Not reported |
| Schmidt A [13], 2022 | Case report | W/52 | USA | New onset after COVID-19 | 4 weeks | Neck, face, trunk | No | Hypothyroidism | Topical tacrolimus, topical and oral steroids | 7 months: partial improvement |
| Bukhari A [14], 2022 | Case report | W/13 | Saudi Arabia | New onset after Pfizer- BioNTech first dose | 2 weeks | Upper and lower limbs | Yes (father and paternal uncle) | No | Topical calcineurin inhibitor, topical steroid, and localized phototherapy | 3 months: partial improvement |
| Uğurer E [15], 2022 | Case report | M/47 | Turkey | New onset after Pfizer- BioNTech first dose | 1 week | Bilateral axilla and forearm flexor surfaces | Not reported | Ankylosing spondylitis | Topical pimecrolimus | 1 month: partial improvement |
| Koç Yıldırım S [16], 2022 | Case report | M/49 | Turkey | New onset after Pfizer- BioNTech second dose | 2 weeks | Face | No | No | Topical tacrolimus | Not reported |
| Gamonal S [17], 2022 | Case report | M/86 | Brazil | New onset of vitiligo and lichen planus after AstraZeneca first and second dose | 1 week after first dose, progressing after second dose | Upper and lower limbs, trunk, and buttocks | Not reported | Not reported | Topical steroid | Not reported |
| Caroppo F [18], 2022 | Case report | M/66 | Italy | Preexisting vitiligo worsened after Pfizer-BioNTech second dose | 2 weeks | Upper and lower limbs, face, trunk, genital area | No | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | Oral and topical steroids, topical tacrolimus | Not reported |
| Okan G [19], 2021 | Case report | M/22 | Turkey | Preexisting vitiligo worsened after Pfizer-BioNTech second dose | 2 weeks | Face | No | None | Topical tacrolimus | 2 months: no response |
Legend: W: woman, M: man.