Table 2.

Associations between the sociodemographic and pain variables and the seven pain treatment goals

	Symptom Reduction				Disability Reduction						Etiology and Management
	Reduce Pain		Harmful Side Effects		Everyday Activities		Enjoy Life		Connect with Loved Ones		Cause of Pain		Cure for Pain
	Mean	P-value	Mean	P-value	Mean	P-value	Mean	P-value	Mean	P-value	Mean	P-value	Mean	P-value
Gender
Female	8.64	0.079	7.86	.111	8.38	0.247	8.70	.078	8.45	.078	7.94	.291	8.78	.646
Male	7.98		6.94		7.91		7.93		7.67		7.39		8.60
Race and/or ethnicity
White	8.45	0.912	6.79	.368	8.25	0.820	8.35	.912	8.01	.912	7.86	.179	8.57	.789
Hispanic or Latino	8.53		7.00		7.83		8.02		8.93		8.71		9.02
Black	8.39		8.29		8.44		8.15		7.92		7.00		8.68
Asian	8.01		7.73		7.91		8.36		7.83		7.59		8.83
Multiple Race/Other	8.17		7.20		8.29		8.67		7.61		7.14		8.33
Education
Some college or less	8.17	0.329	7.68	.042	8.12	0.950	8.12	.715	8.02	.715	7.93	.669	8.92	.516
College graduate	8.08		8.10		8.08		8.32		8.30		7.47		8.43
Post graduate degree	8.67		6.42		8.23		8.49		7.86		7.57		8.71
Marital status
Separated/Widowed/Divorced	8.37	0.767	8.09	.415	8.43	0.699	8.34	.458	7.89	.458	7.92	.300	9.24	.019
Married	7.98		6.20		7.66		7.76		8.27		6.63		7.12
Single/Never married	8.58		7.91		8.34		8.83		8.03		8.44		9.70
Living situation
Alone	8.09	0.110	6.58	.174	7.75	0.148	8.13	.177	8.13	.177	7.24	.145	7.88	.002
With spouse/Partner	9.24		9.11		9.20		9.18		8.56		8.94		10.64
With others	7.60		6.51		7.49		7.62		7.49		6.80		7.55
	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value
Age	−0.03	.065	−0.07	.003	−0.04	0.036	−0.03	.084	−0.01	.747	−0.01	.666	0.02	.264
Average pain level	0.92	p<0.001	0.90	.025	1.14	p<0.001	0.62	0.036	0.88	.002	−0.11	.748	0.38	.148
Times visited health care provider for a pain problem in past 12 months	0.05	.766	0.03	.915	−0.05	.778	0.16	.419	0.06	.742	0.44	.056	0.11	.515

+The columns represent separate general linear models for each of the seven goals as dependent variables. The models include gender, education, marital status, living situation (alone, with spouse/partner, with others), and race/ethnicity as fixed classification factors and average pain level, age (in years), number of times visited health care provider for a pain problem in past 12 months as covariates (quantitative independent variables). Table entries are adjusted means for classification factors and regression coefficients for covariates; and P values in both cases.