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. 2022 Jun 16;101(12):1441–1449. doi: 10.1177/00220345221102084

Figure.

Figure.

Periodontitis stimulates neuroinflammation, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Oral pathogens contribute to manifestation of neurodegeneration through the following: (1) proinflammatory cytokines, which reach the brain parenchyma via the bloodstream; (2) oral–gut–brain axis; and (3) bacteria that travel to the brain via the trigeminal nerve.