Table 2.
A summary of research studies that have attempted to manipulate TGFβ signalling.
| Target | Summary | Stage of development | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| TGFβ and PD-L1 | Bintrafusp alpha in combination with radiotherapy. | Pre-clinical | Lan et al., 2021 (85) |
| TGFβR1 and PD-1 | MP-VAC-204 trial of Vactosertib with pembrolizumab in metastatic colorectal carcinoma. | Phase Ib/IIa | Kim et al., 2021 (86) |
| EGFR and SMAD3 | Cetuximab in combination with SMAD3 inhibition to downregulate TGFβ in head and neck cancer. | Pre-clinical | Yegodayev et al., 2020 (87) |
| NOX4/TGFβ axis | GKT137831 reduced ROS in TGFβ-activated CAFs in prostate cancer. | Pre-clinical | Ford et al., 2020 (88) |
| NOX4 | Diphenylene iodonium reduced ROS and slowed bladder cancer cell growth. | Pre-clinical | Shimada et al., 2011 (89) |
| NOX4 | Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate prevents tumour cell growth in bladder cancer. | Pre-clinical | Yuan at al. 2022 (90) |
transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), reactive oxygen species (ROS).