Table 1.
The PS-mediated PDT/PDI and characteristics of oncogenic viruses.
| PSs | Tropisms | Cancer | Primary Infection | Viral Integration | Virus | Family | Virus Type | Transmission | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-ALA mTHPc Curcumin |
Keratinocytes, stratified epithelial cells |
Cervical carcinoma, pharyngeal carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma |
Warts, condyloma, acumatum, oral and laryngeal papillomatosis | Yes | HPV-16 HPV-18 |
Papillomavirus
Viridae |
Enveloped DNA |
Sexual contact, Mucosal contact |
[80,81,82,83,84,85,86] |
| PBNP Zn-Bc_Am |
B-lymphocytes, epithelial cells |
Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
Asymptomatic, mononucleosis |
Yes | ERV/ HH-4 |
Herpesvirus
Viridae |
Enveloped DNA |
Saliva | [84,85,86,87] |
| Photosens Chlorin e6 |
Macrophages, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, B cells, etc. |
Kaposi’s sarcoma, effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman’s disease |
Asymptomatic | Yes | KSHV/ HHV-8 |
Herpesvirus
Viridae |
Enveloped DNA |
Sexual contact | [84,85,86,88,89,90] |
| Curcumin, Methylene Blue |
Hepatocytes | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Acute hepatitis and chronic (10%) | Yes | HBV |
Hepadnavirus
Viridae |
Enveloped DNA |
Sexual contact, parental |
[84,85,86,89,91,92,93] |
| Curcumin, Methylene Blue |
Hepatocytes, B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Acute hepatitis and chronic (85%) | No | HCV |
Flavivirus
Viridae |
Enveloped RNA |
Sexual contact, parental |
[84,85,86,94,95,96] |
| 5-ALA Hypericin |
T-lymphocytes | Adult T-cell leukemia | Asymptomatic | Yes | HTLV-1 |
Retrovirus
Viridae |
Enveloped RNA |
Fluids with cells | [84,85,86,97,98,99,100,101] |
| Quinacrine | Merkel’s cells | Merkel cell carcinoma | Asymptomatic | Yes | MCV |
Polymavirus
Viridae |
Naked DNA |
Not clear (respiratory droplets) |
[84,85,86,102,103,104] |