Table 2.
Characteristics of envenomed patients who received antivenom and incidences of early adverse reactions.
| Characteristics | No. of Patients Receiving AV | No. of Patients Receiving AV with EARs | Incidence of EARs (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years: Median (IQR, range) | 38 (21–55, 1–97) | 35 (19–50, 1–87) | |
| Gender ratio, Female:Male: N (%) | 266:418 (38.9:61.1) | 34.4:65.6 (53:101) | |
| FREQUENCY OF AV USED PER PATIENT, Median (IQR, range): | |||
|
Hematotoxic envenomation Total doses/patient Total vials/patient |
1 (1–2, 1–15) 5 (3–9, 1–75) |
2 (1–2.8, 1–6) 5.5 (3–9, 1–18) |
|
|
Neurotoxic envenomation Total doses/patient Total vials/patient |
1 (1–1, 1–4) 10 (10–10, 1–30) |
1 (1–1, 1–4) 10 (10–10,1–24) |
|
| VENOMOUS SNAKES CATEGORIZED BY SYSTEMIC ENVENOMING, N (%): | |||
| Hematotoxic snakes: | a 429 (62.7%) | a 108 (70.1%) | 25.2 |
| Green pit viper | b 213 (31.1%) | b 44 (28.6%) | 20.7 |
| Malayan pit viper | b 143 (20.9%) | b 54 (35.1%) | 37.8 |
| Russell’s viper | b 28 (4.1%) | b 2 (1.3%) | 7.1 |
| Red-necked keelback | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Mountain pit viper | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Unknown hematotoxic snakes | 43 (6.3%) | 8 (5.2%) | 18.6 |
| Neurotoxic snakes: | 255 (37.3%) | 46 (29.9%) | 18.0 |
| Cobra | 188 (27.5%) | 32 (20.8%) | 17.0 |
| Malayan krait | 20 (2.9%) | 4 (2.6%) | 20.0 |
| King cobra | 7 (1.0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 42.9 |
| Coral snakes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Banded krait | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | 50.0 |
| Unknown neurotoxic snakes | 38 (5.6%) | 6 (3.9%) | 15.8 |
| Total | 684 (100%) | 154 (100%) | 22.5 |
| NUMBER OF TYPES OF ANTIVENOM THERAPY IN EACH PATIENT, N (%): | |||
| * One | 651 (95.2%) | 145 (94.2%) | 22.3 |
| ** Two | 31 (4.5%) | 9 (5.8%) | 29.0 |
| *** Three | 2 (0.3%) | 0 | 0 |
AV; antivenom, EARs; early adverse reactions, N; number, IQR; interquartile range. * Only one specific antivenom was given, either monovalent or polyvalent antivenom. ** Two specific types of monovalent and/or polyvalent antivenoms were given. *** Three different types of specific monovalent and/or polyvalent antivenom were given. a p-value = 0.031, b p-value = 0.001.