Table 1.
Cerebellar connections with pain or migraine-relevant brain regions.
| Connections | Type | Details | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebellum-Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) | FC | In migraine patients compared to HCs in the interictal phase • ↓ FC between the right S1 and the right cerebellum posterior lobe (lobule VIIIb) |
Zhang et al. (2017) |
| Cerebellum-Premotor cortex (PMC) | FC | In migraine patients compared to HCs during the interictal phase • ↓ FC between the right dorsal premotor cortex and ipsilateral cerebellar lobule VIII |
Qin et al. (2020) |
| Cerebellum- ACC | FC | Mice receiving IS at low and high frequency; Mice receiving IS at low frequency and NTG • ↑ cerebellar FCs with the ACC |
Jia et al. (2019) |
| Cerebellum-Insula | FC | Mice receiving IS at low and high frequency; Mice receiving IS at low frequency and NTG • ↑ cerebellar FCs with the insula |
Jia et al. (2020) |
| In migraine patients compared to HCs • ↑ FC between the right posterior insula and the bilateral cerebellum |
Ke et al. (2020) | ||
| Cerebellum-Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) | FC | In migraine patients compared to HCs • ↓ FC between the left Crus I and the default mode network components (including mPFC) |
Ke et al. (2020) |
| In migraine patients compared to HCs • ↑ FC between the right cerebellum and the right mPFC. |
Jin et al. (2013) | ||
| Cerebellum-Thalamus | Circuitry → |
• The MN → ventromedial, ventrolateral, centrolateral, mediodorsal, parafascicular, suprageniculate and posterior thalamic nuclei | Teune et al. (2000) and Fujita et al. (2020) |
| • The interposed nucleus → the ventrolateral and ventroposterior thalamic nuclei | Teune et al. (2000) and Baldacara et al. (2008) | ||
| • The lateral cerebellar nucleus → the thalamus | Teune et al. (2000) and Baldacara et al. (2008) | ||
| FC | In migraine patients compared to HCs during the interictal phase. • ↑ FC between the left lateral geniculate nucleus and the ipsilateral cerebellum |
Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| FC | In migraine patients receiving trigeminal stimuli compared to HCs • ↓ FC between Left Crus I (ipsilateral to the stimulation) and the left thalamus and some cortical areas |
Mehnert and May (2019) | |
| Episodic migraine patients administered NTG orally compared to their own baseline • FC change between the right thalamus and the cerebellum during the prodromal and full-blown phase |
Martinelli et al. (2021) | ||
| Cerebellum- zona incerta (ZI) | Circuitry → ← |
• The MN → ZI | Fujita et al. (2020) |
| • The interposed nucleus ↔ (reciprocally) the ZI | Teune et al. (2000) and Ossowska (2020) | ||
| • The lateral nucleus → ZI | Teune et al. (2000) | ||
| Cerebellum-Amygdala (Amy) | Circuitry → |
• The MN directly → the amygdala (histological degeneration studies) | Heath and Harper (1974) |
| Cerebellum-Hippocampus | Circuitry → |
• The MN directly → the hippocampus (histological degeneration studies) | Heath and Harper (1974) |
| FC | In migraine patients compared to HCs during the interictal phase • ↑ FC between the hippocampus and the cerebellum |
Wei et al. (2020) | |
| Cerebellum-Hypothalamus | Circuitry → |
• Three deep cerebellar nuclei → the hypothalamus contralaterally | Haines and Dietrichs (1984) |
| • The MN sends GABAergic fibers → the hypothalamus | Cao et al. (2013) | ||
| ← | • The hypothalamus → the cerebellar cortex bilaterally with the ipsilateral preponderance | Dietrichs (1984) and Haines and Dietrichs (1984) | |
| FC | In migraine patients compared to HCs during the interictal phase • ↑ FC between the hypothalamus, and cerebellar Crus I&II and lobules V&VI |
Moulton et al. (2014) | |
| Cerebellum-periaqueductal gray (PAG) | Circuitry → |
• The MN and lateral nucleus →PAG | Teune et al. (2000); Frontera et al. (2020); and Fujita et al. (2020) |
| ← | • The PAG → the cerebellar cortex | Dietrichs (1983) | |
| FC | In migraine with ictal allodynia compared to migraine without ictal allodynia • ↑ FC between PAG and the cerebellum |
Schwedt et al. (2014b) | |
| Cerebellum-Reticular formation (Rt) | Circuitry → |
• The three deep nuclei → the Rt | Teune et al. (2000) and Fujita et al. (2020) |
| ← | • Dorsal raphe nuclei → the cerebellar vermis | Dietrichs (1985) | |
| • The Rt → the developing cerebellum via serotonergic fibers | Bishop et al. (1988) | ||
| ∣rule | |||
| Cerebellum-Red nucleus (RN) | Circuitry → |
• The interposed and lateral nucleus →the RN | Siegel and Sapru (2019) and Basile et al. (2021) |
| FC | In migraine patients compared to HCs during the interictal phase • ↑FC between the right red nucleus and the ipsilateral cerebellum |
Huang et al. (2019) | |
| Cerebellum-parabrachial nucleus (PBN) | Circuitry → ← |
• The MN and a small number of Purkinje cells in the anterior cerebellar vermis → the PBN | Supple and Kapp (1994), Teune et al. (2000), and Fujita et al. (2020) |
| • The PBN sends multilayered fibers →the anterior cerebellar vermis | Supple and Kapp (1994) | ||
| FC | In migraine patients administered NTG to induce a headache, compared to their own baseline. • ↑FC between the pons and the cerebellar tonsils |
Karsan et al. (2020) | |
| Cerebellum-Locus coeruleus (LC) | Circuitry ← |
• The LC → the cerebellar cortex | Dietrichs (1985), Dietrichs (1988) |
| Cerebellum-Vestibular nucleus (VN) | Circuitry → |
• The paraflocculus, the flocculus, and the uvula-nodulus → the VN | Tabata et al. (2002) and Barmack (2016) |
| ← | • The VN → the uvula-nodulus, ventral paraflocculus, and flocculus | Barmack (2016) | |
| → | • The MN → the VN | Bagnall et al. (2009) and Fujita et al. (2020) | |
| Cerebellum-Spinal trigeminal nucleus (SpV) | Circuitry ← |
• The SpV and principle sensory nucleus → the cerebellar vermal, medial, and lateral zones | Ikeda (1979), Hayashi et al. (1984), Ohya et al. (1993), and Ge et al. (2014) |
| • These trigemino-cerebellar projection neurons predominantly express the vesicular-glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) | Ge et al. (2014) | ||
| Cerebellum-Trigeminal ganglion (TG) | Circuitry ← |
• The TG → ipsilaterally in Crus I and II, the paramedian lobule, the lateral cerebellar nucleus, and each lobe of the parafloccular cortex | Jacquin et al. (1982) |
| Cerebellum-spinal cord | Circuitry → |
• The MN →the spinal cord | Fujita et al. (2020) |
| ← | • Spinal cord regions, including the central cervical nucleus, the dorsal nucleus, the lumbar and sacral precerebellar nuclei, lumbar border precerebellar cells, and from dispersed neurons of the deep dorsal horn and laminae 6–8 → the cerebellar cortex, mainly the vermis | Sengul et al. (2015) |
HCs, healthy controls; FC, functional connectivity; ACC, the anterior cingulate cortex; IS, inflammatory soup; NTG, nitroglycerin; →←, projecting direction; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.