Figure 2.

OVs have a direct or indirect toxic effect on tumor cells. (A) Direct oncolysis; The viruses can infect cancer cells and then replicate until the cancer cells rupture. The newborn viruses are then released to infect more cancer cells. (B) Neoantigens and debries from lysed cancer cells activate and recruit dendritic cells (DCs) into the tumor microenvironment and T cells migrate to the site of infection. (C) a number of processes occur, including the alteration of the tumor’s micro-and macro-environment and the control of the immune response in a complex modulation. (D) OVs stimulate innate immunity and turn “cold” tumors into “hot” tumors by stimulating immune cell recruitment and activating systemic anticancer adaptive immunity to reduce tumor growth.