Figure 3.

Characteristics of oncolytic virus combination therapy. OVs attack and destroy tumor cells preferentially. Lysis of tumor cells releases neoantigen, PAMPs which trigger PRRs, which then produce inflammatory cytokines and antiviral type I IFNs. Viruses can activate cell death pathways, resulting in immunogenic cell death phenotypes such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, immunogenic apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Antibodies that target cell surface indicators of immune cells (checkpoint inhibition), cancer cells (targeted therapy), or both (bispecific antibodies) are wellestablished in cancer therapy. combination of oncolytic viruses with antibody and CAR-T cells; CAR-T cells bind to the antigen on the surface of tumor cells and kill them, but they cannot migrate deeper into the dense tumor mass to remove antigennegative tumor cells. also, CAR-NK cells show more anticancer activity than CAR-T cells because they attach to stress ligands on the surface of tumor cells. The oncolytic virus attacks and destroys tumor cells, eliminating the tumor's dense structure.