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. 2022 Oct 12;14(10):2172. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102172

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Mean square displacement (MSD). (A) MSD: type of diffusion and particle trajectory. The time dependence of the MSD characterizes the diffusional behavior of particles: a linear line (green) indicates normal diffusion (α = 1), a directed motion (blue) represents a superdiffusion (α > 1). When the MSD increases more slowly than for normal diffusion (α < 1), the particle can present a subdiffusion (red) or a confined diffusion (gray) (Adapted from Kapanidis et al. [40] which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-(CC BY 4.0) International License). (B) MSD average curves of nanoliposomes at 2, 7, 26, 48, 72 and 100 h of incubation and representative fluorescence images of primary cortical neurons treated with NL at 7 and 100 h of incubation. NL labeled with ATTO 488 (green) (scale bar: 20 μm) are shown on the right to illustrate the subdiffusion (7 h, top) and confined diffusion (100 h, bottom). The mathematical adjustments (red curve) were obtained by applying formula 1 (Section 2.10) to the raw data. (C) Diffusion coefficient of nanoliposomes at 2, 7, 26, 48, 72 and 100 h of incubation.