Table 2.
Hospitalization characteristics, procedures and cause of death
| Parameter | Prehospital ROSC (n = 83) | No ROSC and ACLS (n = 81) | No ROSC and ECPR (n = 92) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admitted to the hospital | 83 (100%) | 35 (43.2%) | 92 (100%) | < 0.001 |
| Achieved ROSC | 83 (100%) | 9 (11.1%) | NA | 0.002 |
| Laboratory on admission | ||||
| pH | 7.13 (7–7.19) | 6.85 (6.75–6.91) | 6.86 (6.75–6.98) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 8.2 (6.2–11.5) | 13.6 (11.1–17.5) | 13.7 (10.95–17.0) | < 0.001 |
| ECLS therapy | 1 (1.2%)* | 0 | 92 (100%)** | < 0.001 |
| TTM used | 78 (94%) | 10 (28.6%) | 90 (97.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary angiography | 78 (94%) | 14 (40%) | 89 (97.8%) | < 0.001 |
| PCI | 37 (47.4%) | 4 (28.6%) | 51 (57.3%) | 0.1 |
| Successful | 31 (83.8%) | 2 (50%) | 47 (92.2%) | 0.04 |
| Unsuccessful | 6 (16.2%) | 2 (50%) | 4 (7.8%) | |
| Cause of death | ||||
| Refractory arrest | 1 (2.9%) | 72 (90%) | 7 (9.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Brain death | 9 (26.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | 19 (26.8%) | |
| MODS | 17 (50%) | 4 (5%) | 31 (43.7%) | |
| Cardiogenic shock | 3 (8.8%) | 1 (1.3%) | 10 (14.1%) | |
| UNK | 4 (11.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.4%) | |
| Bleeding | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.3%) | 3 (4.2%) | |
| WLST | 13 (15.7%) | 2 (2.5%) | 20 (21.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Complications | ||||
| Bleeding—any*** | 5 (6.1%) | 1 (8.3%) | 40 (44%) | < 0.001 |
| Fatal | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.03 |
| Intracranial | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (22%) | |
| Overt | 4 (80%) | 0 (0%) | 28 (70%) | |
| Organ lacerations | 2 (2.7%) | 2 (3.3%) | 3 (3.6%) | 0.95 |
| Technical | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.3%) | 0.07 |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | ||||
| Survivors | 11 (8–15) | 5 (5–5) | 16 (11–29) | 0.007 |
| Deceased | 6 (2–9.5) | 1 (1–1) | 3 (2–8) | < 0.001 |
Highlighted in bold are the values which are statistically significant (less than 0.05)
*ECLS therapy indicated during hospitalization for arrhythmic storm with cardiogenic shock
**ECLS therapy indicated for refractory OHCA (ECPR)
***Bleeding complications were assessed based on Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction classification under “major” category, defined as any intracranial hemorrhage (excluding microhemorrhages < 10 mm), fatal bleeding directly resulting in death within 7 days or overt bleeding associated with a decrease in hemoglobin concentration of 5 g/dL or a 15% absolute decrease in hematocrit
ACLS advanced cardiac life support, ECLS extracorporeal life support, ECPR extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ICU intensive care unit, MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, NA not applicable, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, TTM target therapeutic management, UNK unknown, WLST withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy