Table 5. Previous Experiments on the Viscosity and Stability of Heavy Crude Oil in Water Emulsion.
| authors | year | oil content | surfactants | surfactant concentration | pH | viscosity reduction | stability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashrafizadeh and Kamran18 | 2010 | 60 vol % | Triton X-100 | 2 wt % | 8 | 83% (25 °C) | 100% (24 h, 25 °C) |
| Ashrafizadeh et al.20 | 2012 | 60 vol % | Na2CO3 | 2000 ppm | 11.3 | 96% (25 °C) | 40% (4 days, 25 °C) |
| Kumar and Mahto13 | 2016 | 60 vol % | 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl polyethylene glycol | 2 wt % | 83% (25 °C) | 100% (56 days, 20 °C) | |
| Kumar and Mahto22 | 2017 | 60 vol % | tritriethanolamine monosunflower ester | 2 wt % | 96% (25 °C) | 100% (6 days, 15 °C) | |
| Kumar and Mahto23 | 2017 | 55 vol % | polyethylene glycol monolinoleate | 1 wt % | 11 | 97% (10 °C) | 87% (6 days, 20 °C) |
| Sharma et al.35 | 2019 | 50 vol % | SDS | 0.262 wt % | 97% (30 °C) | 100% (50 days,15–45 °C) | |
| this work | 2022 | 75 wt % | APG08 | 0.5 wt % | 11.1 | 88% (50 °C) | 96% (48 h, 30 °C) |