Table 5.

Association between different autoantibodies and maternal and foetal outcomes in SLE pregnancies.

Autoantibodies Profile	Maternal Outcome	Foetal Outcome	References
High-risk APLA profile: persistent moderate or high APLA titres, LA, multiple APLA positivity	Maternal vascular thrombotic events, PE	APS related pregnancy morbidity (unexplained spontaneous pregnancy losses before 10 weeks of gestation, preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation because placental insufficiency, unexplained foetal death after 10 weeks of gestation) Intrauterine growth restriction, Pre-term birth	[5,21,31,50,64]
Anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies		Congenital heart block Lupus neonatal	[5,15,21,68]
Antithyroid antibodies: tyroid peroxidase antibody tyroglobulin antibody tyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin antibody tyroid-stimulating hormone receptor binding inhibitor immunoglobulin		Preterm delivery Increased risk of complete congenital heart block in association with anti-Ro antibodies; foetal goitre; foetal hypo- or hyperthyroidism; foetal growth restriction	[5,68,69]

APLA—antiphospholipid antibodies; APS—antiphospholipid syndrome; LA—Lupus Anticoagulant; PE—Pre-eclampsia.