Table 1.

Characteristics of the case-control studies included in the meta-analysis.

First Author	Year	Country	Region	Male (n)	Age (Years) Mean/Range		Sample Size	Quality Score
					Case	Control
Tuyns [20]	1988	France	Europe	1597	—	—	4061	5
Buiatti [21]	1989	Italy	Europe	1345	≤75	≤75	2175	5
Negri [22]	1990	England	Europe	219	61	64	282	8
Demirer [23]	1990	Turkey	Asia	131	55	52	200	7
Hoshiyama [24]	1992	Japan	Asia	699	—	—	699	6
Ramón [25]	1993	Spain	Europe	297	62	61	351	8
Nazario [26]	1993	Puerto Rico	America	—	≥30	≥30	271	8
Hansson [27]	1993	Sweden	Europe	662	67.7	67.0	1017	8
Lee [28]	1995	Korea	Asia	264	>25	>25	426	7
Vecchia [29]	1997	Italy	Europe	1662	61	55	2799	5
Ye [15]	1998	China	Asia	699	30–78	30–78	816	8
Ji [30]	1998	China	Asia	1589	61	59	2575	8
Ward [31]	1999	Mexico	America	—	≥20	≥20	972	8
Palli [32]	2001	Italy	Europe	567	—	—	943	6
Sriamporn [33]	2002	Thailand	Asia	254	—	—	393	7
Kim [34]	2002	Korea	Asia	186	—	—	314	7
Sun [35]	2002	China	Asia	568	59.8	59.5	840	8
Lee [36]	2003	Korea	Asia	166	—	—	268	7
Stefani [37]	2004	Uruguay	America	840	30–89	30–89	1200	7
Lissowska [38]	2004	Poland	Europe	479	—	—	737	8
Qiu [39]	2005	China	Asia	176	63	60	176	6
Campos [40]	2006	Colombia	America	407	—	—	647	7
Hsu [41]	2008	China	Asia	131	66.0	51.8	349	8
Pelucchi [42]	2009	Italy	Europe	429	63	63	777	7
Pourfarzi [43]	2009	Iran	Asia	416	65.4	64.3	611	8
Wen [44]	2010	China	Asia	642	58.9	57.7	900	7
Peleteiro [16]	2011	Portugal	Europe	503	18–92	18–92	1071	8
Yang [45]	2011	China	Asia	642	52.1	52.4	900	7
Lazarević [46]	2011	Serbia	Europe	—	65.8	65.8	306	7
Zhang [47]	2011	China	Asia	424	53.3	52.8	645	6
Hu [48]	2011	Canada	America	1528	57.1	60.1	6221	6
Pakseresht [49]	2011	Iran	Asia	427	66.3	62.9	590	6
Yassıbaş [50]	2012	Turkey	Asia	132	57.4	57.9	212	7
Chen [9]	2012	China	Asia	390	53.1	52.8	617	6
Epplein [51]	2014	China	Asia	677	62.6	63.6	677	8
Lin [52]	2014	China	Asia	241	59.1	56.5	316	6
Salvador [17]	2015	Ecuador	America	95	62.0	55.5	257	7
Kwak [18]	2021	Korea	Asia	412	56.9	56.2	614	7

Note: “—” not reported or not acquired.