Table 2.
Phytochemicals from various plant sources effective against aflatoxin-producing fungi.
| Phytochemical Source | Phytochemical Form | Target Fungi | Food Commodity | Outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schinus mole (Pepperina) | Nanoparticles | A. parasiticus | Maize | 59% control of aflatoxin production; | [197] |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) | EOs | Aspergillus flavus | Not available (NA) | fungal contamination and production of AFB1 and AFB2 inhibited at 250 μL/mL | [198] |
|
Pelargonium graveolens (Sweet scented or rose Scented Geranium) |
Nanogel | A. flavus | Maize | 77.96% prevention at 1.0 μL/mL of nanogel | [199] |
| Carum carvi (caraway), Juniperus communis (juniper) | EOs | A. flavus, A. parasiticus | Maize flour | Significant prevention of fungal contamination and aflatoxin production | [200] |
| Satureja Montana (winter savory), Origanum virens (Oregano) | Niosome | A. flavus | Maize | Reduction in fungal growth and aflatoxin accumulation | [201] |
| Zataria multiflora (Satar) | Solid lipid nanoparticles and EOs | A. flavus | NA | Enhanced antifungal activity observed | [202] |
| Satureja montana (winter savory), Origanum virens (Oregano) | EOs | A. flavus | NA | Significant reduction at 0.96aw | [203] |
|
Origanum vulgare (Oregano), Thymus vulgaris (garden thyme), Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), Mentha piperita (Peppermint) |
Nanocomposite films |
A. flavus, A. parasiticus |
Rice | 51–77% reduction in fungal growth during storage | [204] |
| Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) | Nanoemulsion | A. flavus | Rice | Significant inhibition of AFB1 production | [205] |
| Clove & Quercetin from Syzygium aromaticum | Phytochemical |
A. flavus, A. parasiticus |
NA | Inhibited AF production | [196] |
| Cyanidin from Solanum lycopersicum | Phytochemical |
A. flavus, A. parasiticus |
NA | Inhibition of AFB1 production | [206] |
| Curcumin from Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) | Phytochemical | A. flavus | NA | Prevention of hyphae production | [207] |
| Turmeric EO (e.g. β-pinene, camphor, and eucalyptol) | EOs | A. flavus | NA | Fungicidal activity | [208] |
| Eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and β-caryophyllene from Syzygium aromaticum | EOs | A. flavus | NA | Caused apoptosis in fungal hyphae | [209] |
| Brassica alba, Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra | Allyl isothiocyanate | NA | NA | Antifungal activity | [210] |
| Brassica nigra | EOs | A. fumigatus, A. nomius, A.niger | NA | 0.012–0.06 µg/mL inhibition determined by using vapor diffusion method | [211] |
| Brassica nigra | EOs | A. niger, A. flavus, A. ochraceus | - | 0.8–50 µg/mL inhibition found using broth macrodilution method | [211] |