Table 3.
A subgroup evidence table of studies reporting on pressure ulcer frequency.
| Authors | Year | Mean Patient Age, Years | Specific Trauma Indication | Collar Type | Skin Breakdown Frequency | Outpatient Follow up | Mean Duration of Wear, Days | Nursing Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molinari et al. | 2012 | 84 (Range = 71–99) | Type II odontoid fracture | Miami J | 2/34 (6%) | Yes | 84 (SD = 0) | NR |
| Powers et al. | 2006 | 37.8 (Range = 2–94) | Confirmed cervical injury, ICU | Aspen | 33/484 (7%) | No | 10.3 (SD = 11.4) | Pad change every 24 hrs, skin clean every 12 hrs |
| Molano et al. | 2004 | 35.5 (SD = 13.8) | Suspected cervical injury, ICU | NR | 22/92 (24%) | No | NR c | NR |
| Nakanishi et al. | 2019 | 81.9 (SD = 8.6) | Suspected cervical injury | Philadelphia | 11/90 (12%) | No | NR | Removed, cleaned and dried every 4–8 hrs |
| Hylton et al. | 2016 | 74 (Range = 21–95) | Confirmed cervical injury | Miami J | 2/51 (4%) | Yes | 50.8 | Removed and adjusted weekly (outpatient) |
| Ham et al. | 2014 | 43.7 (SD = 19.6; Range = 18–91) | Suspected cervical injury, ICU | Various | 1/88 (1%) | No | 3.5 (SD = 3.4) | Pressure relieving mattress, turning every 2 hrs, occipital foam ring |
| Lewis et al. | 2011 | NR | Type II odontoid fracture | NR | 2/32 (6%) | Yes | NR d | NR |
| Ackland et al. | 2007 | 40.9 (SD = 18.6) a | Suspected cervical injury | Philadelphia | 27/299 (9%) | No | NR e | Patient position changed every 8 hrs. Removed, cleaned and dried every 4–8 hrs |
aMean male age = 38.2 ± 16.7 years and mean female age = 43.5 ± 20.4 years; assumption of equal proportion.
bA majority (58%) of patients were under 65 years.
cMedian day of ulcer detection = 7.
dMean duration of all patients = 94.5 days.
eMedian duration = 1 day (IQR = 2).
SD = standard deviation, NR = not reported, ICU = intensive care unit, hrs = HoursGrey = excluded from age regression analysis.