. 2022 Oct 13;27(20):6848. doi: 10.3390/molecules27206848

Table 1.

Overview of photosensitizers used for in vitro/in vivo treatment of cancer in the last decade.

Photosensitizer (s)	PS Class	Cancer Type (s)	Application	PS-PDT Effective Concentrations	Ref.
Upconversion nanoconstruct—targeted with folate-modified amphiphilic chitosan loaded with zinc(II) phthalocyanine (FASOC-UCNP-ZnPc)	Phthalocyanines Derivatives	Hepatocellular carcinoma and sarcoma	In vivo	<150 mg.kg⁻¹ triggered by 660 and 980 nm light (0.2 W.cm⁻², 30 min)	[51]
Dimeric anthraquinone (–)-7,7′-biphyscion	Anthraquinones Derivatives	lung cancer, cervical cancer, stomach cancer and urinary bladder carcinoma	In vitro	0.064 µmol.L⁻¹ combined with 9.3 J.cm⁻² light dose (λexc = 468 nm)	[52]
6-Nitro-Quinazolin-4(3H)-one	Quinazoline Derivatives	glioblastoma and melanoma	In vitro	50 μmol.L⁻¹ and then irradiated at 365 nm using a UVA lamp for 1 and 2 h.	[53]
2-(3,5-dimethyl-1Hpyrazol-1-yl)-1-arylethanones	Pyrazole Derivatives	colon cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer.	In vitro	Not reported.	[54]
Hf–porphyrin nanoscale metal–organic framework, (DBP–UiO)	Porphyrin derivative	head and neck cancer	In vitro/in vivo	5–100 μmol.L⁻¹ and 3.5 mg.kg⁻¹(in vivo) combined with 90–180 J.cm⁻² light dose (100 mW.cm⁻², 15 and 30 min).	[55]
Cationic porphyrin-cisplatin conjugate (Pt-1)- polymeric nanoparticles (NP@Pt-1)	Porphyrin derivative	colon carcinoma	In vitro/ in vivo	0.025–20 μmol.L⁻¹ and 3.5 mg.kg⁻¹(in vivo) combined with 6.95 J.cm⁻² light dose (100 mW.cm⁻², 15 and 30 min).	[56]
Selenium-rubyrin (NMe₂Se₄N₂)-loaded nanoparticles functionalized with folate (FA)	Transition metal complex	cervical carcinoma	In vitro/ in vivo	35 μg.mL⁻¹ and 0.5 mg.kg⁻¹(in vivo) combined with 30 J.cm⁻² light dose (635 nm and 808 nm laser, 100 mW.cm⁻², 30 min).	[57]
Constructed homologous targeting-based nanoplatform (MH-PLGA-IR780 NPs)	NIR-absorbing PSs	osteosarcoma	In vitro/in vivo	5 μg.mL⁻¹, 808 nm laser, 1 and 1.5 W.cm⁻².	[58]
MnO₂-capped silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles with chlorin e6 (Ce6) encapsulated	Chlorin	breast cancer	In vitro/ in vivo	40 μg.mL⁻¹ and 1 mg.kg⁻¹ (in vivo), 808/660 nm laser, 1.5/1.0 W.cm⁻².	[59]
Aluminum-phthalocyanine chloride associated with poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles	Phthalocyanines Derivatives	breast cancer	In vitro	0.25 μmol.L⁻¹ combined with 3.82 J.cm⁻² light dose	[60]
Silicon (IV) phthalocyanine (SiPC)	Phthalocyanines Derivatives	hepatocarcinoma and gastric cancer	In vitro	9 nmol.L⁻¹ to 33 nM combined with 27 J.cm⁻² light dose (λ > 610 nm, 15 mW.cm-², 30 min).	[61]
Hypocrellin A (HA)	Natural hypocrellins	lung adenocarcinoma	In vitro	0.08 μmol.L⁻¹, 470 nm LED light irradiation.	[62]
Sinoporphyrin Sodium	Photofrin	eleven human cancer cell line	In vitro/ in vivo	0.1–0.8 μg.mL⁻¹, 630 nm laser at fluence rate of 30 mW.cm⁻² total illumination power 5.4 J.well⁻¹. 0.5–2 mg.kg⁻¹, fluence rate of 127.7 mW.cm⁻² total illumination power 60 J/animal.	[63]
Sinoporphyrin Sodium	Photofrin	breast cancer	In vitro	2–4 μ.mol.L⁻ at fluence rate of 23.85 mW.cm⁻² combined with 5.72 J.cm⁻² light dose.	[64]
Palmatine hydrochloride (PaH)	Quinolone-based alkaloids	breast cancer	In vitro	0.087 μ.mol.L⁻¹, 470 nm LED light irradiation, combined with 10.8 J.cm⁻² light dose.	[65]
Palmatine hydrochloride (PaH)	Quinolone-based alkaloids	colon adenocarcinoma	In vitro	5 μ.mol.L⁻¹, 470 nm LED light irradiation, combined with 10.8 J.cm⁻² light dose.	[66]
Hypericin	Perylenequinone/Natural PS	larynx carcinoma	In vitro	11 and 25 nmol.L⁻¹, combined with 6 and 12 J.cm⁻² light dose.	[67]
Redaporfin-P123 micelles	bacteriochlorin derivative	melanoma	In vitro/ in vivo	5 μ.mol.L⁻¹, 735 nm LED light irradiation, combined with 0.97 J.cm⁻² light dose. 1.5 mg.Kg⁻¹, 750 nm LED light irradiation, combined with 74 J.cm⁻².	[68]