Figure 1.

Experimental system. (a) Tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima, in dense early succession stands. (b) Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), a generalist herbivore on S. altissima. (c) Scheme showing the sequence of treatments of Solidago altissima plants in the experiments. Plants were divided into two groups; one was exposed to supplemental far-red (FR) light and the other was kept as a control (ambient light). Then, half of the plants in each treatment were damaged for four days by two S. frugiperda larvae in L3. (d) Plants in the supplemented FR light and control treatments were set up to receive volatile organic compounds (VOC) from plants that were damaged by S. frugiperda for four days or from control plants that received no damage.