Table 3.
Mean differences before and during COVID-19.
| Variable(s) | Mean (before COVID-19) | Mean (during COVID-19) | Mean Difference | Levene's Testa | t-test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of business | NA | 6.6 | NA | NA | NA |
| Working hours | 8.65 | 8.17 | −0.488 | 2.804 | 3.579* |
| Income | 46,641.91 | 42,481.85 | −4,160.07 | 0.178 | 3.258* |
| Expenditure on food | 16,940.59 | 20,488.45 | 3,547.86 | 31.11* | −5.129* |
| Expenditure on clothing | 2,894.06 | 3,616.5 | 722.44 | 5.82** | −3.34* |
| Expenditure on energy | 5,990.43 | 6,956.11 | 965.68 | 4.04** | −1.91** |
| Expenditure on health | 2,500 | 2,714.85 | 214.85 | 2.28 | −1.18 |
| Expenditure on communication | 993.73 | 984.82 | −8.91 | 2.80 | 0.20 |
| Expenditure on education | 2,601.32 | 3,441.91 | 840.59 | 4.86** | −5.67* |
*
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05.
a
The Levene's statistic tests the hypothesis that the two samples (before and during COVID samples) have equal variance. The t-test value then depends on whether the null hypothesis of equal variance is rejected or accepted. The last column of the table hence reports the relevant t-statistic.