Table 2.
Biochemical markers of daphnid physiology upon exposure to a mixture of eight chemicals. Data represent mean ± standard deviation (N = 4) of enzyme activity. Enzyme activity was expressed as units/mg protein for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipase, β-galactosidase and phosphatases, as munits/mg protein for GST, and for reduced thiols in nmoles/mg protein. Bold font indicates statistically significant difference by Student’s t-test compared with the unexposed control.
| Control | Li | Al | Acetyl Salicylic Acid | Propranolol | Diltiazem | Glyphosate | Nicotine | Metformin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALP | 7.53 ± 0.88 |
2.2 ± 0.21
(−71%) |
8.8 ± 0.31 | 8.13 ± 0.68 |
13.98 ± 1.19
(+84%) |
10.6 ± 0.34
(+41%) |
5.42 ± 0.53
(−28%) |
7.77 ± 0.79 |
4.7 ± 1.18
(−38%) |
| ACP | 5 ± 0.69 |
1.8 ± 0.07
(−64%) |
3.4 ± 0.13
(−32%) |
5.73 ± 0.09 |
7.44 ± 0.46
(+49%) |
5.7 ± 0.24 | 5 ± 0.21 | 4.38 ± 0.3 |
3.17 ± 0.71
(−37%) |
| βGAL | 11.63 ± 0.2 |
1.85 ± 0.1
(−84%) |
3.13 ± 0.05
(−73%) |
12.36 ± 0.87 | 9.96 ± 1.14 | 11.7 ± 1.02 | 11.7 ± 0.42 | 11.1 ± 1.25 |
4.72 ± 0.71
(−59%) |
| Lipase | 165 ± 10.1 |
50.2 ± 2.3
(−70%) |
104.6 ± 13.5
(−37%) |
181.64 ± 3.7 | 153 ± 16.4 | 190 ± 12.5 (+15%) |
187.8 ± 9.6
(+14%) |
169.4 ± 11.8 |
84.2 ± 16.7
(−49%) |
| Peptidase | 286 ± 21.8 |
53 ± 10.7
(−82%) |
158 ± 11.8
(−45%) |
240 ± 17.6
(−16%) |
387 ± 41.5 (+35%) | 291 ± 41.8 |
340 ± 8.9
(+19%) |
217 ± 27.5
(−24%) |
138 ± 27.8
(−52%) |
| LDH | 80.32 ± 6.52 |
63.8 ± 5.33
(−21%) |
83 ± 5.22 | 84.6 ± 4.33 | 77.7 ± 2.51 | 86.42 ± 7.88 | 72.59 ± 6.85 |
65.5 ± 3.15
(−18%) |
67.4 ± 4.91
(−16%) |
| GST | 212 ± 21.7 |
34.3 ± 19.7
(−84%) |
274 ± 7.6
(+29%) |
198.6 ± 6.6 | 215.6 ± 24.5 |
151.4 ± 6
(−29%) |
134.7 ± 7.2
(−37%) |
155.6 ± 4.8
(−27%) |
254.8 ± 9.2 |
| Reduced thiols | 64.9 ± 3.5 |
36.7 ± 1.2
(−43%) |
51.9 ± 1.7
(−20%) |
79.9 ± 2
(+23%) |
74.1 ± 2.5
(+14%) |
70.5 ± 2.2
(+8.6%) |
73.6 ± 3.9
(+13.5%) |
50.7 ± 1.3
(−22%) |
57.7 ± 3.2
(−11%) |