Table 2.
Baseline values and effects of eight weeks of high-protein (protein) or high-protein plus omega-3 (omega-3) diet in comparison to control on muscle parameters, body composition and biomarkers.
| Baseline Values | Mixed Models with Interaction Effects # | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 20) |
Protein (n = 20) |
Omega-3 (n = 21) |
Protein Effects (Protein vs. Control) |
Combined Effects (Omega-3 vs. Control) |
Omega-3 Additional Effects (Omega-3 vs. Protein) |
|||||
| Outcome Variable | p-Value † | β (SE) | p-Value | β (SE) | p-Value | β (SE) | p-Value | |||
| Muscle power (watt/m2) | 308 ± 68 | 280 ± 68 | 297 ± 62 | 0.929 | 4.688 (11.632) | 0.688 | 16.469 (10.452) | 0.118 | 12.572 (9.381) | 0.184 |
| CRT time (s) | 4.68 (1.55) | 5.13 (1.29) | 4.60 (1.13) | 0.300 | −0.939 (0.355) | 0.009 | −0.420 (0.352) | 0.236 | 0.431 (0.303) | 0.159 |
| Leg strength (kg/m2) | 22.2 ± 6.6 | 20.6 ± 6.6 | 22.4 ± 4.0 | 0.566 | 3.109 (1.388) | 0.027 | 1.965 (1.266) | 0.124 | −1.177 (1.503) | 0.436 |
| FFMI (kg/m2) | 18.1 ± 2.1 | 18.8 ± 2.1 | 18.4 ± 2.4 | 0.628 | 0.517 (0.252) | 0.042 | 0.581 (0.236) | 0.015 | 0.043 (0.279) | 0.877 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.97 (1.34) | 2.62 (1.65) | 3.01 (2.10) | 0.625 | −0.030 (0.044) | 0.500 | −0.078 (0.040) | 0.056 | −0.048 (0.034) | 0.161 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 8.21 (4.28) | 7.84 (3.55) | 9.43 (4.21) | 0.311 | −0.017 (0.030) | 0.563 | −0.046 (0.023) | 0.050 | −0.028 (0.025) | 0.252 |
| IL-6/IL-10 ratio | 0.37 (0.38) | 0.34 (0.25) | 0.34 (0.23) | 0.979 | −0.013 (0.047) | 0.792 | −0.032 (0.043) | 0.464 | −0.020 (0.035) | 0.579 |
| HMGB-1 (ng/mL) | 0.38 (1.29) | 0.29 (0.50) | 0.25 (0.64) | 0.797 | 0.076 (0.158) | 0.631 | −0.152 (0.143) | 0.287 | −0.227 (0.133) | 0.093 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 204.7 ± 55.5 | 205.5 ± 62.1 | 230.4 ± 56.6 | 0.277 | 0.006 (0.031) | 0.840 | 0.044 (0.020) | 0.029 | 0.037 (0.032) | 0.241 |
| IGFBP-3 (mg/mL) | 4.35 (1.37) | 3.91 (2.55) | 4.92 (2.83) | 0.272 | 0.025 (0.038) | 0.518 | 0.046 (0.035) | 0.183 | 0.022 (0.037) | 0.584 |
| IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio | 47.0 ± 15.1 | 55.3 ± 20.8 | 48.8 ± 13.7 | 0.272 | −0.018 (0.044) | 0.687 | −0.003 (0.039) | 0.945 | 0.015 (0.041) | 0.716 |
| Myostatin (ng/mL) | 2.52 (0.93) | 2.36 (1.60) | 2.72 (1.08) | 0.981 | −0.030 (0.035) | 0.390 | −0.011 (0.035) | 0.757 | 0.019 (0.031) | 0.538 |
Values at baseline presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). † Between-group comparison at baseline with analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test. # p-values for the comparison among the groups from baseline to 8 weeks obtained from generalized linear mixed models with random effects on subjects, adjusted for age, sex, and physical activity. Please note: Biomarkers are shown as absolute values at baseline, but have been log-transformed before mixed model analyses. Data presented as beta-coefficient (β) with standard error (SE). CRT—chair rise test; FFMI—fat-free mass index; HMGB-1—high-mobility group box-1; IGF-1—insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-3—IGF-binding protein-3; IL—interleukin.