TABLE 4.
The interaction of physical activity (PA) with white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on cognitive change.
| Global cognition change | Fluid reasoning change | Processing speed change | Memory change | Vocabulary change | ||||||||||||
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| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Total population | ||||||||||||||||
| TPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.029 | 0.029** | 0.028*** | 0.029*** | 0.035** | 0.035** | 0.036** | 0.018 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.034** | 0.035*** | 0.037*** |
| 95% CI | –0.022–0.068 | –0.016–0.070 | –0.015–0.073 | 0.006–0.052 | 0.007–0.048 | 0.008–0.051 | 0.004–0.065 | 0.005– 0.065 | 0.006–0.067 | –0.100–0.137 | –0.086–0.154 | –0.091–0.157 | 0.004–0.065 | 0.010–0.061 | 0.010–0.063 | |
| p | 0.313 | 0.214 | 0.191 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.028 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.762 | 0.578 | 0.600 | 0.029 | 0.006 | 0.007 | |
| LTPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| 95% CI | –0.030–0.040 | –0.028–0.038 | –0.026–0.041 | –0.015–0.021 | –0.015–0.017 | –0.014–0.018 | –0.022–0.027 | –0.022–0.024 | –0.022–0.026 | –0.085–0.098 | –0.081–0.103 | –0.076–0.110 | –0.017–0.031 | –0.013–0.026 | –0.012–0.028 | |
| p | 0.777 | 0.778 | 0.657 | 0.724 | 0.888 | 0.801 | 0.849 | 0.931 | 0.856 | 0.888 | 0.818 | 0.723 | 0.558 | 0.514 | 0.446 | |
| OPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.016** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.020** | 0.021** | 0.021** | 0.011 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.016* | 0.017** | 0.017** |
| 95% CI | –0.012–0.037 | –0.008–0.038 | –0.009–0.039 | 0.003–0.028 | 0.005–0.027 | 0.005–0.028 | 0.003–0.037 | 0.005–0.037 | 0.004–0.038 | –0.054–0.077 | –0.045–0.085 | –0.053–0.083 | –0.001–0.033 | 0.003–0.030 | 0.002–0.032 | |
| p | 0.326 | 0.193 | 0.226 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.729 | 0.544 | 0.666 | 0.061 | 0.016 | 0.022 | |
| Aged ≥ 43 years | ||||||||||||||||
| TPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.039 | 0.037*** | 0.034*** | 0.035*** | 0.045** | 0.044** | 0.040** | 0.073 | 0.074 | 0.054 | 0.036* | 0.035** | 0.039** |
| 95% CI | –0.012–0.104 | –0.009–0.098 | –0.017–0.094 | 0.009–0.065 | 0.011–0.057 | 0.010–0.059 | 0.007–0.082 | 0.009–0.078 | 0.004–0.076 | –0.078–0.225 | –0.079–0.227 | –0.105–0.212 | –0.003–0.075 | 0.006–0.064 | 0.008–0.070 | |
| p | 0.120 | 0.103 | 0.167 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.030 | 0.340 | 0.341 | 0.504 | 0.066 | 0.019 | 0.014 | |
| LTPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.020 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| 95% CI | –0.039–0.072 | –0.036–0.068 | –0.033–0.073 | –0.019–0.036 | –0.017–0.030 | –0.017–0.032 | –0.031–0.042 | –0.031–0.038 | –0.033–0.038 | –0.144–0.145 | –0.140–0.156 | –0.131–0.170 | –0.026–0.049 | –0.022–0.036 | –0.020–0.041 | |
| p | 0.554 | 0.542 | 0.459 | 0.551 | 0.571 | 0.543 | 0.777 | 0.847 | 0.883 | 0.994 | 0.916 | 0.796 | 0.559 | 0.622 | 0.490 | |
| OPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.016** | 0.015** | 0.015** | 0.022** | 0.021** | 0.020** | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.025 | 0.014 | 0.014* | 0.016* |
| 95% CI | –0.011–0.050 | –0.008–0.047 | –0.014–0.044 | 0.002–0.031 | 0.003–0.027 | 0.003–0.028 | 0.002–0.041 | 0.003–0.039 | 0.001–0.038 | –0.036–0.122 | –0.037–0.119 | –0.057–0.108 | –0.007–0.034 | –0.001–0.029 | –0.0004–0.032 | |
| p | 0.199 | 0.162 | 0.309 | 0.031 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.031 | 0.020 | 0.040 | 0.286 | 0.304 | 0.546 | 0.183 | 0.063 | 0.055 | |
| Aged < 43 years | ||||||||||||||||
| TPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | –0.053 | –0.085 | –0.182 | –0.052 | –0.041 | –0.085 | –0.075 | –0.095 | –0.154 | 0.023 | –0.095 | –0.266 | –0.062 | 0.008 | –0.006 |
| 95% CI | –0.280–0.174 | –0.350–0.180 | –0.498–0.134 | –0.174–0.069 | –0.187–0.105 | –0.264–0.093 | –0.249–0.099 | –0.310–0.120 | –0.405–0.097 | –0.590–0.635 | –0.772–0.581 | –1.115–0.583 | –0.222–0.098 | –0.149–0.165 | –0.203–0.191 | |
| p | 0.639 | 0.520 | 0.250 | 0.390 | 0.574 | 0.336 | 0.388 | 0.377 | 0.220 | 0.941 | 0.777 | 0.527 | 0.436 | 0.921 | 0.954 | |
| LTPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | –0.023 | 0.110 | 0.165 | 0.021 | 0.056 | 0.070 | 0.010 | 0.048 | 0.059 | –0.089 | 0.165 | 0.228 | 0.012 | 0.042 | 0.058 |
| 95% CI | –0.225–0.179 | –0.126–0.346 | –0.104–0.434 | –0.088–0.129 | –0.072–0.183 | –0.073–0.212 | –0.144–0.163 | –0.133–0.229 | –0.142–0.260 | –0.628–0.450 | –0.439–0.770 | –0.479–0.936 | –0.127–0.151 | –0.103–0.187 | –0.108–0.223 | |
| p | 0.822 | 0.351 | 0.220 | 0.705 | 0.382 | 0.327 | 0.899 | 0.596 | 0.553 | 0.741 | 0.583 | 0.515 | 0.862 | 0.559 | 0.482 | |
| OPA (zscore)* WMH | Estimate | –0.012 | –0.040 | –0.074 | –0.017 | –0.018 | –0.034 | –0.020 | –0.031 | –0.047 | 0.017 | –0.044 | –0.102 | –0.019 | –0.004 | –0.016 |
| 95% CI | –0.119–0.094 | –0.161–0.082 | –0.211–0.063 | –0.074–0.039 | –0.084–0.047 | –0.108–0.040 | –0.102–0.062 | –0.127–0.066 | –0.152–0.059 | –0.265–0.298 | –0.352–0.264 | –0.465–0.261 | –0.093–0.054 | –0.075–0.067 | –0.099–0.068 | |
| p | 0.816 | 0.511 | 0.28 | 0.541 | 0.575 | 0.358 | 0.624 | 0.523 | 0.375 | 0.907 | 0.774 | 0.571 | 0.596 | 0.909 | 0.702 | |
*p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.
TPA, total physical activity; LTPA, leisure time physical activity; OPA, occupational physical activity; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
Covariates: Model 1: age, sex, education, baseline cognition. Model 2: Model 1 + IQ, race/ethnicity (categorical), cardiovascular risk index. Model 3: Model 2 + total brain volume, mean cortical thickness. Bold values indicate significant values (p < 0.05 or 0.1).