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. 2022 Oct 13;11(20):2702. doi: 10.3390/plants11202702

Table 1.

Leaf carotenoids concentration (mg g−1 dry weight, DW) in C. arabica cv. Geisha 3, cv. Marsellesa and their Hybrid (Geisha 3 × Marsellesa) plants grown under 400 or 700 μLCO2 L−1 at the control temperature (25/20 °C, day/night), submitted to supra-optimal temperatures (31/25 °C, 37/28 °C, 42/30 °C), and after 4 (Rec4) and 14 (Rec14) days of recovery. For each parameter, the mean values ± SE (n = 4–6 plants) followed by different letters express significant differences between CO2 treatments for each temperature (a, b) or between temperatures for the same CO2 treatment (A, B, C, D), always separately for each genotype, where a > b and A > B > C > D.

Pigment Genotype [CO2]
(µL L−1)		 Temperature (Day/Night)
25/20 °C 31/25 °C 37/28 °C 42/30 °C Rec4 Rec14
Neoxanthin
(mg g−1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.195 ± 0.004 aC 0.293 ± 0.014 aA 0.269 ± 0.004 aAB 0.178 ± 0.012 aC 0.222 ± 0.010 aBC 0.201 ± 0.028 aC
700 0.180 ± 0.019 aA 0.168 ± 0.020 bA 0.227 ± 0.025 aA 0.197 ± 0.006 aA 0.170 ± 0.014 aA 0.182 ± 0.020 aA
Marsellesa 400 0.270 ± 0.039 bA 0.298 ± 0.041 aA 0.315 ± 0.015 aA 0.215 ± 0.042 aA 0.329 ± 0.019 aA 0.234 ± 0.022 aA
700 0.404 ± 0.024 aA 0.363 ± 0.033 aA 0.368 ± 0.034 aA 0.321 ± 0.014 aA 0.304 ± 0.012 aA 0.295 ± 0.014 aA
Hybrid 400 0.245 ± 0.003 aB 0.291 ± 0.025 aAB 0.346 ± 0.030 aA 0.219 ± 0.022 aB 0.219 ± 0.015 aB 0.236 ± 0.016 aB
700 0.251 ± 0.027 aAB 0.254 ± 0.019 aAB 0.236 ± 0.017 bAB 0.291 ± 0.013 aA 0.178 ± 0.011 aB 0.221 ± 0.011 aAB
Violaxanthin
(mg g−1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.203 ± 0.008 aBC 0.360 ± 0.013 aA 0.247 ± 0.014 aB 0.093 ± 0.010 aD 0.154 ± 0.011 aCD 0.187 ± 0.023 aBC
700 0.178 ± 0.028 aAB 0.205 ± 0.032 bA 0.221 ± 0.038 aA 0.139 ± 0.004 aB 0.157 ± 0.009 aAB 0.148 ± 0.009 aB
Marsellesa 400 0.299 ± 0.050 aA 0.326 ± 0.050 bA 0.327 ± 0.016 aA 0.132 ± 0.031 bB 0.195 ± 0.008 aAB 0.182 ± 0.026 aAB
700 0.435 ± 0.032 aA 0.467 ± 0.031 aA 0.385 ± 0.032 aAB 0.276 ± 0.031 aBC 0.219 ± 0.013 aC 0.192 ± 0.027 aC
Hybrid 400 0.270 ± 0.015 aB 0.351 ± 0.044 aAB 0.356 ± 0.019 aA 0.153 ± 0.010 bC 0.154 ± 0.029 aC 0.205 ± 0.019 aBC
700 0.246 ± 0.027 aAB 0.334 ± 0.014 aA 0.263 ± 0.018 aAB 0.267 ± 0.022 aAB 0.120 ± 0.028 aB 0.169 ± 0.011 aAB
Antheraxanthin
(mg g−1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.058 ± 0.005 aA 0.043 ± 0.010 aA 0.062 ± 0.005 aA 0.048 ± 0.004 aA 0.045 ± 0.002 aA 0.021 ± 0.000 aB
700 0.059 ± 0.004 aA 0.059 ± 0.003 aA 0.066 ± 0.004 aA 0.040 ± 0.008 aAB 0.026 ± 0.009 aB 0.028 ± 0.003 aB
Marsellesa 400 0.046 ± 0.012 aA 0.044 ± 0.014 aA 0.064 ± 0.007 aA 0.064 ± 0.011 aA 0.073 ± 0.006 aA 0.041 ± 0.009 aA
700 0.067 ± 0.008 aA 0.043 ± 0.010 aA 0.069 ± 0.016 aA 0.060 ± 0.007 aA 0.048 ± 0.009 aA 0.040 ± 0.008 aA
Hybrid 400 0.039 ± 0.002 aB 0.054 ± 0.015 aAB 0.056 ± 0.012 aAB 0.077 ± 0.013 aA 0.069 ± 0.003 aAB 0.062 ± 0.005 aAB
700 0.047 ± 0.007 aA 0.038 ± 0.006 aA 0.059 ± 0.008 aA 0.040 ± 0.006 aA 0.042 ± 0.003 aA 0.046 ± 0.004 aA
Zeaxanthin
(mg g−1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.094 ± 0.005 aA 0.030 ± 0.014 aB 0.092 ± 0.014 aA 0.097 ± 0.015 aA 0.049 ± 0.019 aAB 0.008 ± 0.001 aB
700 0.057 ± 0.002 aAB 0.066 ± 0.006 aAB 0.094 ± 0.010 aAB 0.056 ± 0.017 aAB 0.034 ± 0.006 aB 0.023 ± 0.004 aB
Marsellesa 400 0.015 ± 0.002 aB 0.013 ± 0.003 aB 0.043 ± 0.011 aB 0.097 ± 0.026 aAB 0.144 ± 0.035 aA 0.123 ± 0.058 aA
700 0.089 ± 0.022 aAB 0.026 ± 0.007 aB 0.018 ± 0.005 aB 0.097 ± 0.033 aAB 0.084 ± 0.036 aAB 0.182 ± 0.073 aA
Hybrid 400 0.051 ± 0.007 aB 0.061 ± 0.011 aB 0.063 ± 0.016 aB 0.114 ± 0.034 aB 0.228 ± 0.040 aA 0.114 ± 0.037 aB
700 0.066 ± 0.028 aB 0.022 ± 0.008 aB 0.037 ± 0.010 aB 0.029 ± 0.005 aB 0.179 ± 0.054 aA 0.106 ± 0.026 aAB
V + A + Z
(mg g−1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.355 ± 0.013 aAB 0.433 ± 0.031 aA 0.401 ± 0.030 aA 0.239 ± 0.025 aB 0.248 ± 0.020 aB 0.216 ± 0.022 aB
700 0.380 ± 0.039 aAB 0.343 ± 0.031 aAB 0.381 ± 0.033 aA 0.235 ± 0.028 aB 0.217 ± 0.007 aB 0.198 ± 0.014 aB
Marsellesa 400 0.360 ± 0.061 bA 0.383 ± 0.061 aA 0.433 ± 0.031 aA 0.272 ± 0.044 aA 0.412 ± 0.042 aA 0.346 ± 0.043 aA
700 0.592 ± 0.051 aA 0.536 ± 0.035 aAB 0.473 ± 0.049 aAB 0.434 ± 0.019 aAB 0.351 ± 0.033 aB 0.414 ± 0.059 aAB
Hybrid 400 0.360 ± 0.020 aA 0.466 ± 0.062 aA 0.475 ± 0.031 aA 0.344 ± 0.050 aA 0.451 ± 0.025 aA 0.381 ± 0.023 aA
700 0.387 ± 0.043 aA 0.394 ± 0.025 aA 0.360 ± 0.026 aA 0.336 ± 0.025 aA 0.341 ± 0.026 aA 0.321 ± 0.020 aA
DEPS Geisha 3 400 0.345 ± 0.014 aAB 0.105 ± 0.030 aC 0.299 ± 0.024 aAB 0.499 ± 0.034 aA 0.272 ± 0.055 aB 0.093 ± 0.013 aC
700 0.305 ± 0.030 aA 0.282 ± 0.026 aA 0.354 ± 0.049 aA 0.293 ± 0.053 aA 0.212 ± 0.032 aA 0.178 ± 0.012 aA
Marsellesa 400 0.116 ± 0.008 aB 0.098 ± 0.015 aB 0.163 ± 0.021 aB 0.481 ± 0.072 aA 0.402 ± 0.051 aAB 0.320 ± 0.115 aAB
700 0.202 ± 0.024 aAB 0.088 ± 0.018 aB 0.105 ± 0.017 aB 0.280 ± 0.072 aA 0.257 ± 0.076 aA 0.383 ± 0.124 aAB
Hybrid 400 0.193 ± 0.008 aB 0.189 ± 0.022 aB 0.187 ± 0.020 aB 0.383 ± 0.064 aAB 0.572 ± 0.075 aA 0.352 ± 0.072 aAB
700 0.203 ± 0.045 aB 0.097 ± 0.021 aB 0.178 ± 0.032 aB 0.145 ± 0.022 bB 0.524 ± 0.120 aA 0.367 ± 0.066 aAB
Lutein
(mg g−1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.601 ± 0.007 aC 0.833 ± 0.027 aB 0.780 ± 0.033 aB 0.756 ± 0.043 aB 1.036 ± 0.058 aA 0.809 ± 0.104 aB
700 0.534 ± 0.042 aBC 0.503 ± 0.042 bC 0.650 ± 0.052 aAB 0.710 ± 0.032 aA 0.649 ± 0.043 bAB 0.646 ± 0.071 bAB
Marsellesa 400 0.779 ± 0.109 bBC 0.842 ± 0.107 aBC 0.945 ± 0.051 aB 0.612 ± 0.067 bC 1.427 ± 0.045 aA 0.886 ± 0.076 aBC
700 1.198 ± 0.085 aA 1.010 ± 0.072 aA 1.030 ± 0.081 aA 1.153 ± 0.054 aA 1.148 ± 0.075 aA 1.101 ± 0.075 aA
Hybrid 400 0.731 ± 0.020 aB 0.913 ± 0.069 aAB 1.021 ± 0.068 aA 0.919 ± 0.074 aAB 1.054 ± 0.068 aA 1.026 ± 0.035 aA
700 0.742 ± 0.105 aB 0.706 ± 0.057 aB 0.683 ± 0.042 bB 1.042 ± 0.049 aA 0.807 ± 0.035 bAB 0.907 ± 0.070 aA
α-carotene
(mg g −1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.129 ± 0.011 aB 0.265 ± 0.014 aA 0.256 ± 0.009 aA 0.074 ± 0.010 aB 0.071 ± 0.010 aB 0.046 ± 0.005 aB
700 0.120 ± 0.019 aB 0.113 ± 0.030 bB 0.224 ± 0.039 aA 0.094 ± 0.002 aB 0.056 ± 0.012 aB 0.062 ± 0.016 aB
Marsellesa 400 0.225 ± 0.048 aAB 0.279 ± 0.047 aA 0.319 ± 0.034 aA 0.121 ± 0.040 aB 0.187 ± 0.028 aAB 0.109 ± 0.026 aB
700 0.364 ± 0.036 aA 0.306 ± 0.041 aAB 0.306 ± 0.058 aAB 0.240 ± 0.027 aAB 0.190 ± 0.017 aB 0.117 ± 0.017 aB
Hybrid 400 0.156 ± 0.017 aBC 0.278 ± 0.037 aA 0.255 ± 0.014 aAB 0.107 ± 0.020 bC 0.055 ± 0.010 aC 0.072 ± 0.015 aC
700 0.205 ± 0.038 aA 0.223 ± 0.041 aA 0.209 ± 0.025 aAB 0.223 ± 0.026 aA 0.060 ± 0.012 aB 0.080 ± 0.009 aB
β-carotene
(mg g −1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.314 ± 0.016 aC 0.513 ± 0.023 aA 0.407 ± 0.009 aB 0.322 ± 0.025 aBC 0.277 ± 0.016 aC 0.291 ± 0.051 aC
700 0.286 ± 0.016 aA 0.298 ± 0.033 bA 0.374 ± 0.032 aA 0.317 ± 0.018 aA 0.251 ± 0.025 aA 0.254 ± 0.049 aA
Marsellesa 400 0.353 ± 0.070 aAB 0.378 ± 0.075 aAB 0.488 ± 0.027 aA 0.233 ± 0.048 bB 0.439 ± 0.030 aAB 0.367 ± 0.035 aAB
700 0.522 ± 0.042 aA 0.561 ± 0.046 aA 0.528 ± 0.079 aA 0.483 ± 0.030 aA 0.456 ± 0.015 aA 0.427 ± 0.028 aA
Hybrid 400 0.371 ± 0.013 aAB 0.475 ± 0.047 aA 0.421 ± 0.016 aAB 0.381 ± 0.027 aAB 0.306 ± 0.018 aB 0.361 ± 0.014 aAB
700 0.289 ± 0.043 aB 0.392 ± 0.016 aAB 0.433 ± 0.034 aA 0.331 ± 0.042 aAB 0.312 ± 0.024 aAB 0.360 ± 0.012 aAB
(α + β) carotene
(mg g −1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.443 ± 0.015 aB 0.778 ± 0.035 aA 0.662 ± 0.008 aA 0.396 ± 0.032 aB 0.348 ± 0.021 aB 0.336 ± 0.056 aB
700 0.406 ± 0.033 aB 0.411 ± 0.062 bB 0.598 ± 0.071 aA 0.411 ± 0.018 aAB 0.306 ± 0.037 aB 0.317 ± 0.063 aB
Marsellesa 400 0.578 ± 0.115 aAB 0.657 ± 0.121 aAB 0.807 ± 0.060 aA 0.355 ± 0.087 bB 0.626 ± 0.057 aAB 0.476 ± 0.059 aB
700 0.886 ± 0.057 aA 0.867 ± 0.081 aA 0.834 ± 0.132 aA 0.722 ± 0.033 aA 0.645 ± 0.028 aA 0.544 ± 0.043 aA
Hybrid 400 0.528 ± 0.024 aB 0.753 ± 0.083 aA 0.676 ± 0.022 aAB 0.488 ± 0.046 aBC 0.362 ± 0.028 aC 0.433 ± 0.022 aC
700 0.494 ± 0.081 aAB 0.615 ± 0.051 aAB 0.642 ± 0.058 aA 0.554 ± 0.045 aAB 0.372 ± 0.019 aB 0.440 ± 0.010 aB
(α/β) carotene
(g g−1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 0.426 ± 0.052 aB 0.518 ± 0.018 aAB 0.633 ± 0.035 aA 0.228 ± 0.025 aC 0.259 ± 0.037 aC 0.175 ± 0.024 aC
700 0.404 ± 0.052 aAB 0.346 ± 0.054 bB 0.576 ± 0.056 aA 0.301 ± 0.022 aBC 0.207 ± 0.034 aC 0.255 ± 0.031 aBC
Marsellesa 400 0.658 ± 0.079 aAB 0.764 ± 0.058 aA 0.642 ± 0.040 aAB 0.424 ± 0.074 aBC 0.411 ± 0.038 aBC 0.271 ± 0.049 aC
700 0.718 ± 0.077 aA 0.545 ± 0.070 aAB 0.597 ± 0.069 aAB 0.522 ± 0.086 aB 0.415 ± 0.035 aBC 0.267 ± 0.026 aC
Hybrid 400 0.422 ± 0.044 aAB 0.570 ± 0.027 aA 0.611 ± 0.034 aA 0.266 ± 0.033 bB 0.172 ± 0.025 aB 0.199 ± 0.041 aB
700 0.696 ± 0.033 aAB 0.561 ± 0.086 aAB 0.475 ± 0.034 aB 0.770 ± 0.135 aA 0.210 ± 0.048 aC 0.230 ± 0.030 aC
Total carotenoids
(mg g −1 DW) 		Geisha 3 400 1.594 ± 0.032 aC 2.338 ± 0.099 aA 2.113 ± 0.009 aAB 1.569 ± 0.106 aB 1.854 ± 0.103 aB 1.562 ± 0.203 aB
700 1.500 ± 0.131 aA 1.425 ± 0.154 bA 1.855 ± 0.180 aA 1.553 ± 0.070 aA 1.343 ± 0.088 bA 1.343 ± 0.159 aB
Marsellesa 400 1.987 ± 0.317 bAB 2.180 ± 0.320 aAB 2.500 ± 0.151 aAB 1.688 ± 0.332 aB 2.795 ± 0.138 aA 1.941 ± 0.165 aAB
700 3.079 ± 0.196 aA 2.777 ± 0.215 aA 2.705 ± 0.290 aA 2.630 ± 0.114 aA 2.448 ± 0.139 aA 2.354 ± 0.168 aA
Hybrid 400 1.864 ± 0.042 aB 2.423 ± 0.227 aAB 2.519 ± 0.123 aA 1.970 ± 0.190 aAB 2.085 ± 0.101 aAB 2.076 ± 0.059 aAB
700 1.875 ± 0.238 aA 1.969 ± 0.133 aA 1.921 ± 0.138 bA 2.223 ± 0.121 aA 1.698 ± 0.049 aA 1.890 ± 0.088 aA