Table 1.
The study parameters and effects of accumulation of NPs in the liver.
| Research Object | Particle Size | Material | Number of Particles | Concentration | Mode of Exposure | Exposure Time | Summary | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wistar male rats | 25, 50 nm | PS | - | 1, 3, 6, 10 mg/kg bw/day | Oral gavage | 5 weeks | In the high-dose gavage group, the accumulation of PS NPs in the liver was confirmed by whole-body scanning. | [28] |
| Zebrafish | 42 nm | PS | - | 1 mg/g bw | In diet | 7 days | The co-parentally exposed F1 larvae at 120 hpf had a significant amount of fluorescence in the liver, indicating that PS-NPs accumulate in the liver of zebrafish larvae. | [45] |
| Zebrafish liver cells | 65 nm | PS | - | 5, 50 mg/L | In culture medium | 6–72 h | 100% of ZFL cells took up the fluorescent PS-NPs after 6 h of incubation. Additionally, the ZFL internalization dynamics followed a dose–response pattern, with cells incubated at higher doses and longer times presenting higher fluorescence. | [42] |
| Zebrafish | 70 nm | PS | - | 0.5, 1.5, 5 ppm | In water | 30 days | After 30 days of incubation with 1.5 ppm florescence PS-NPs, green fluorescence was seen in the liver. | [51] |
| Hepatocytes of the large yellow croaker | 80 nm | PS | - | 1, 10, 100 mg/L | In diet | 3, 12 h | Results showed that PS-NPs could be accumulated in hepatocytes. Moreover, the uptake of PS-NPs by hepatocytes increased with the increase in the time and concentrations of PS-NPs treatment. | [52] |
| HL7702 cells | 100 nm | PS | - | 1 mg/L | In culture medium | 24 h | There was a large number of PS-NPs in the cytoplasm. | [46] |
| C57 male mice | 100 nm | PS | - | 0.1, 1 mg/L | In water | 60 days | High-dose group of PS-NPs accumulated in mouse liver. | [46] |
| Goldfish | 250 nm | PS | - | 300 mg/L | In water | 168 h | PS-NPs could accumulate in the liver, increasing over time within 7 days. | [47] |
| Mice | 200~300 nm | PS | - | 578 μg/mL | Oral gavage | 48 h | Uptake of [64Cu] Cu-DOTA-polystyrene was observed in the liver at 48 h after administration. | [53] |
| CD-1 female mice | 790 nm | PS | - | 30 mg/kg | Oral gavage | 35 days | The concentration of PS-NPs in the liver was (69.86 ± 25.31) μg/g. | [54] |
hpf: hours post-fertilization; bw: body weight; -: unknown.