Table 3.

The study parameters and effects of hepatic pathomorphological changes caused by NPs on the liver.

Research Object	Particle Size	Material	Number of Particles	Concentration	Mode of Exposure	Exposure Time	Summary	Reference
C57BL/6 female mice	42 nm	PS	-	10, 50 μg/mL	Inject via tail vein	5 injections in 15 days	Hepatocyte binucleation increased after exposure. Fatty degeneration and ballooning were significantly increased in the liver tissue of the high-fat-fed mice, and the perilobular steatosis was severe.	[68]
Fish	60 nm	PS	-	5 mg/L	In water	7 days	Hepatocytes in the exposed group were destroyed with aggregated and condensed nuclei.	[5]
Zebrafish	70 nm	PS	1.1 × 108, 1.1 × 109, 1.1 × 1010 particles/mL	20, 200, 2000 μg/L	In water	3 weeks	Necrosis, infiltration, and fat droplets were observed in hepatocytes.	[27]
Male C57 mice	100 nm	PS	-	0.1, 1 mg/L	In water	60 days	Hepatocellular edema and vacuolar degeneration, enlarged nucleus, cell dikaryon, irregularly arranged hepatic cords, the proliferation of bile ducts, as well as the inflammation of portal areas were found in the PS-NPs exposed groups.	[46]
Juvenile groupers	100.86 ± 7.15 nm	PS	-	300, 3000 μg/L	In water	14 days	Hepatocyte vacuolization was observed in the 300 and 3000 μg/L exposure groups.	[69]
Zebrafish	100~120 nm	PS	-	10, 100 μg/L	In water	35 days	PS-MPs caused histopathological damage such as inflammation, degeneration, and hemorrhage in zebrafish liver tissue.	[66]
Larimichthys polyactis	190 nm	PS	-	1 mg/L	In diet	8 days	There was some zonal necrosis, a decrease in tissue density, and normal-stained nuclei in the liver of the NPs-exposed fish.	[70]
Goldfish	250 nm	PS	-	0, 0.05, 0.5, 5 mg/L	In water	28 days	Necrosis, cellular swelling, and hemorrhage were observed in the PS-NPs-exposed liver.	[47]

-: Unknown.