Table 4.

The study parameters and effects of hepatic pathomorphological changes caused by MPs on the liver.

Research Object	Particle Size	Material	Number of Particles	Concentration	Mode of Exposure	Exposure Time	Summary	Reference
Zebrafish	5 μm	PS	2.9 × 102, 2.9 × 103, 2.9 × 104 particles/mL	20, 200, 2000 μg/L	In water	3 weeks	Necrosis, infiltration, and fat droplets were observed in PS-MPs exposed hepatocytes.	[27]
Goldfish	5 μm	PS	-	10, 100, 1000 μg/L	In water	7 days	After exposure in the high-dose group, there was blood cell infiltration in the liver of the goldfish.	[63]
ICR mice	5 μm	PS	-	100, 1000 μg/L	In water	6 weeks	Liver pathological sections showed increased liver ballooning degeneration in mice.	[65]
C57 male mice	5 μm	PS	1.46 × 106 particles	20 mg/kg bw/day	In water	30 days	The PS-MPs exposed group showed severe vacuolar degeneration, chronic inflammatory infiltration, and hepatocyte edema.	[64]
Goldfish	8 μm	PS	-	0, 0.05, 0.5, 5 mg/L	In water	28 days	Necrosis, cellular swelling, and hemorrhage were observed in PS-MPs-exposed liver.	[47]
Marine medaka	10 μm	PS	-	2, 20, 200 μg/L	In water	60 days	Compared with the control group, a significant decrease in the hepatosomatic index was found in adult male marine medaka exposed to PS-MPs.	[57]
Marine jacopever	15 μm	PS	1 × 106 microspheres/L	-	In water	7 days of decontamination after 14 days of exposure	The Liver pathological section showed hyperemia in the PS-MPs exposed group.	[59]
Grouper	22.3 μm	PS	-	2, 20 mg/g df	In water	25 days	Eosinophilic infiltration was observed in the exposed liver.	[50]
Tadpoles	35.46 ± 18.17 μm	PE	4.24 × 10−6 particles/m3	60 mg/L	In water	7 days	Vasodilation, infiltration, hyperemia, edema degeneration, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia occurred in the exposed liver.	[61]
Clarias gariepinus	95.41 ± 4.23 μm	PVC	-	0.5, 1.5, 3.0%	In diet	30 days of decontamination after 45 days of exposure	Hepatocyte necrosis, fat vacuolization and degeneration, and glycogen depletion were observed in PVC group.	[62]
European sea bass	40~150 μm	PVC/PE	-	0, 100, 500 mg/kg·di	In diet	3 weeks	Hepatocytes showed vacuolation, infiltration, and focal necrosis after exposure to MPs.	[60]

-: Unknown; bw: body weight; df: dry food; di: diet.