Table 6.

The study parameters and effects of MPs and NPs on hepatic lipid metabolism.

Research Object	Particle Size	Material	Number of Particles	Concentration	Mode of Exposure	Exposure Time	Summary	Reference
Zebrafish	70 nm, 5 μm	PS	1.1 × 108–10 particles/mL, 2.9 × 102–4 particles/mL	0, 20, 200, 2000 μg/L	In water	3 weeks	Lipid droplets were found in the liver pathological pictures of the 2000 μg/L 70 nm, 5 μm exposure group.	[27]
Juvenile D. labrax	45 nm	PMMA	-	0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20 mg/L	In water	96 h	The transcription levels of the genes related to lipid metabolism, pparα, pparγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor), and nd5, were upregulated in the liver at 96 h exposure.	[107]
Black rockfish	500 nm, 15 μm	PS	-	190 μg/L	In water	21 days	The HIS (liver index) value was generally positively correlated with the liver metabolism (e.g., lipid, protein) of the fish, and the 15μm group had a larger liver index than the other groups.	[106]
Larimichthys crocea	80 nm	PS	-	0, 1, 10, 100 mg/kg·di	In diet	21 days	The liver of the high-dose group was enlarged and appeared white, and the contents of TG and lipids in the liver after PSNPs exposure were significantly higher than those in the control group. Oil red O staining showed that the higher the exposure dose, the higher the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver; the expression of the genes involved in the process of lipid synthesis, decomposition, and transport changed.	[52]
Yellow croaker hepatocytes	80 nm	PS	-	0, 5, 20, 80 mg/L	In culture medium	24 h	The expression of lipid synthesis genes fas, srebp1, and pparγ in hepatocytes increased, and the lipid catabolism atg1, pparα, and aco genes increased and then decreased.	[52]
Oryzias melastigmas	10, 200 μm	PS	1.82 × 1010 particles/m3, 2.27 × 106 particles/m3	10 mg/L	In water	30, 45, 60 days	PS exposure inhibited the accumulation of fatty acid, fatty acid methyl ester, and fatty acid ethyl ester in the liver of marine medaka.	[48]
Oryzias melastigma	2, 10, 200 μm	PS	-	10 mg/L	In water	60 days	The hepatic lipid content was significantly increased in the 200 μm PS-MPs exposure group.	[102]
ICR male mice	5, 20 μm	PS	1.46 × 106 items, 2.27 × 104 items	0.01, 0.1, 0.5 mg/day	Oral gavage	28 days	Hepatic HE staining showed lipid droplets; the levels of TC and TG in the liver decreased.	[29]
ICR mice	5 μm	PS	-	0, 100, 1000 μg/L	In water	6 weeks	The levels of TCH and TG in the liver of the parental female mice were significantly higher in a concentration-dependent manner than those of the control group, and the level of TCH in the F1 liver was significantly decreased; the level of TG in the liver of the F1 male mice changed, and the level of TG in the F1 female mice decreased;	[65]
Mice Mus musculus	5, 20 μm	PS	-	0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 mg/mL	Oral gavage	4 weeks	Exposure to 5 and 20 μm PS-MPs inhibited liver TG levels in mice.	[115]
High-fat diet C57BL/6 female mice	42 nm	PS	-	0, 10, 50 μg/ml	Inject via tail vein	5 times in 15 days	Liver TC, TG, pparα, and pparγ gene mRNA expression were not affected, unlike the fat and cpt1α gene levels, which were.	[68]
C57 mice	5 μm	PS	-	500 μg/L	In water	28 days	Exposure to PSMP caused TG accumulation.	[105]

PMMA: polymethyl–methacrylate; di: diet; -: unknown.