Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of studied individuals.
| Anthropometric Parameters | HC/NC Meal Study | Cinnamon/Capsicum Study | p-Value * for Comparison with OW/OB Group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OW/OB | NW | p-Value * | |||
| Age [years] | 37.8 ± 6.3 | 35.3 ± 8.6 | 0.4 | 46 ± 8.4 | 0.02 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 30.8 ± 5.4 | 23.8 ± 1.6 | 0.0009 | 32.0 ± 4.3 | 0.2 |
| Body Fat contents [%] | 28.0 ± 6.3 | 17.0 ± 5.3 | 0.0001 | 31.4 ± 4.1 | 0.2 |
| Fat free mass [%] | 69.8 ± 12.2 | 66.3 ± 6.6 | 0.4 | 67.9 ± 7.5 | 0.6 |
| WHR | 0.998 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.003 | 1.03 ± 0.05 | 0.1 |
| Fasting glucose concentration [mg/dL] | 87.9 ± 5.8 | 84.2 ± 8.1 | 0.2 | 101.05 ± 8.98 | 0.0002 |
| Fasting Insulin concentration [IU/mL] | 12.7 ± 9.3 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 0.06 | 13.8 ± 4.5 | 0.2 |
| HOMA–IR | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.05 | 3.46 ± 1.2 | 0.05 |
| HOMA–β | 186.3 ± 121.1 | 157.5 ± 150.4 | 0.6 | 136.32 ± 56.3 | 0.4 |
| HbA1c | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 0.9 |
* For quantitative variables with normal distribution, the parametric t-test was used; for the other variables, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was applied. The data are represented as the mean ± STD, and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. HC: high-carbohydrate, NC: normo-carbohydrate, OW/OB: individuals with overweight/obesity, NW: individuals with normal weight BMI: body mass index, WHR: waist-hip ratio, HOMA–IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, HOMA–β: Homeostatic Model Assessment of β–cell function, HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin.