. 2022 Oct 20;12(10):994. doi: 10.3390/metabo12100994

Table 2.

Studies reporting lipidomic LOX and CYP450_Ep pathway oxylipin measurements in milk during lactation.

Study (First Author, Year)	Species	Sample Size	Oxylipin Pool	Oxylipin Classes Quantified	Sample Type	Study Oxylipin Outcomes
Weiss, 2013 [21]	Human	n = 30	Non-esterified	HETEs HEPEs HDoHEs LTs SPMs	Whole milk	17-HDoHE decreases across first 4 weeks of lactation in mothers of pre-term infants; Other pro-resolving mediator and precursor concentrations remain stable.
Gouveia-Figueira, 2015 [59]	Human	n = 3	Non-esterified	PGs HODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs TXs HETEs oxo-ETEs EpETrEs DiHETrEs HEPEs	Whole milk	Many oxylipins were detectable in human milk, but extraction efficiency was lower in human milk than many other biological sample types.
Arnardottir, 2016 [22]	Human	n = 13	Non-esterified	PGs LTs TXs SPMs	Whole milk	Lipid mediator concentrations were recorded for donor milk from commercial supplier; Concentrations differed between donors with and without mastitis by principal components analysis.
Wu, 2016 [57]	Human	n = 1	Non-esterified	HODEs oxo-ODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs TriHOMEs	Skim milk	Some oxylipin concentrations increase significantly with extended storage, especially when held for any period of time at -20oC or above.
Robinson, 2017 [23]	Human	n = 30	Non-esterified	PGs TXs LTs HETEs HEPEs HDoHEs SPMs	Whole milk	Oxylipin concentrations stayed stable across 4 weeks of lactation in mothers delivering full-term.
Alexandre-Gouabau, 2017 [60]	Human	n = 22	Non-esterified	PGs TXs LTs HETEs	Whole milk	10,11-dihydro-20-trihydroxy-LTB₄ and PGs were associated with faster infant growth trajectories; 11-dihydro-2,3-dinor-TXB2 was associated with slower infant growth trajectories.
Pitino, 2019 [55]	Human	n = 17 (pooled)	Non-esterified	HODEs oxo-ODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs HOTrEs PGs TXs HETEs oxo-ETEs EpETrEs DiHETrEs EpETEs DiHETEs EpDPEs	Whole milk	Oxylipin profiles were altered significantly with different pasteurization techniques.
Gan, 2020 [52]	Human	n = 5 (pooled)	Non-esterified Esterified neutral lipids Esterified phospholipids	HODEs oxo-ODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs TriHOMEs HOTrEs HETEs oxo-ETEs EpETrEs DiHETrEs HEPEs EpETEs DiHETEs EpDPEs	Skim milk Cream layer Cell pellet	Non-esterified oxylipins were most abundant in skim milk, while esterified oxylipins were most abundant in cream layer and cell pellet; Over 90% of milk oxylipins were derived from linoleic acid.
Mavangira, 2015 [61]	Bovine	n = 24	Non-esterified	HODEs oxo-ODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs PGs LTs HETEs EpETrEs DiHETrEs HDoHEs SPMs	Whole milk	Many oxylipin classes had increased concentrations in dairy cows with mastitis.
Ryman, 2015 [62]	Bovine	n = 8	Non-esterified	HODEs oxo-ODEs PGs TXs LTs HETEs oxo-ETEs SPMs	Whole milk	Milk from cows with S. uberis infection was higher in HODEs and 11-HETE.
Kuhn, 2017 [63]	Bovine	n = 36	Non-esterified	HODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs HETEs DiHETEs EpDPEs SPMs	Whole milk	Most oxylipin concentrations increased with time across lactation.
Teixeira, 2021 [53]	Bovine	Pooled milk from storage tanks	Non-esterified Total	HODEs oxo-ODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs HOTrEs HETEs EpETrEs DiHETrEs HEPEs EpETEs EpDPEs	Whole milk	Over 95% of oxylipins in milk were bound; Approximately 90% of milk oxylipins were linoleic acid-derived oxylipins; Lipid extraction followed by base hydrolysis in methanol was the best method for measuring total oxylipins.
Llaurado-Calero, 2021 [64]	Porcine	n = 36	Non-esterified	HODEs oxo-ODEs EpOMEs DiHOMEs TriHOMEs HOTrEs EpODEs DiHODEs PGs TXs HETEs EpETrEs DiHETrEs HEPEs DiHETEs HDoHEs DiHDPEs SPMs	Whole milk	Fish oil feeding improved piglet growth and survival; Fish oil feeding increased concentrations of most milk oxylipins.

DiHDPEs—Dihydroxy docosapentaenoic acids; DiHETEs—Dihydroxy eicosatetraenoic acids; DiHETrEs—Dihydroxy eicosatrienoic acids; DiHOMEs—Dihydroxy octadecamonoenoic acids; EpDPEs—Epoxy docosapentaenoic acids; EpETEs—Epoxy eicosatetraenoic acids; EpETrEs—Epoxy eicosatrienoic acids; EpOMEs—Epoxy octadecamonoenoic acids; HDoHEs—Hydroxy docosahexaenoic acids; HEPEs—Hydroxy eicosapentaenoic acids; HETEs—Hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acids; HODEs—Hydroxy octadecadienoic acids; HOTrEs—Hydroxy octadecatrienoic acids; LTs—Leukotrienes; oxo-ETEs—Oxo eicosatetraenoic acids; oxo-ODEs—Oxo octadecadienoic acid; PGs—Prostaglandins; SPMs—Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators; TriHOMEs—Trihydroxy octadecamonoenoic acids; TXs—Thromboxanes.