Table 1.
Common drug-resistant microbes and diseases caused by them.
| Name of Bacterium | Drug(s) Resistant to | Typical Disease |
|---|---|---|
| E. coli | Cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones | UTI, BSI |
| K. pneumoniae | Cephalosporins, carbapenems | Pneumonia, BSI, UTI |
| S. aureus | Methicillin | Wound, BSI |
| S. pneumoniae | Penicillin | Pneumonia, meningitis, otitis |
| Nontyphoidal Salmonella | Fluoroquinolones | Foodborne diarrhea, BSI |
| Shigella spp. | Fluoroquinolones | Diarrhea * |
| N. gonorrhoeae | Cephalosporins | Gonorrhea |
| M. tuberculosis | Rifampicin, isoniazid, fluoroquinolone | Tuberculosis |
| Name of Fungi | ||
| Candida spp. | Fluconazole, echinocandins [7] | Candidiasis |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Fluconazole [8] | Cryptococcosis |
| Aspergillus spp. | Azoles [9] | Aspergillosis |
| Scopulariopsis spp. Onychomycosis | Amphotericin B, flucytosine, azoles [10] | Onychomycosis |
| Name of Virus | ||
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Ganciclovir, foscarnet [11] | AIDS and oncology patients |
| Herpes simplex virus (HSV) | Acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir [12] | Herpes simplex |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Antiretroviral drugs [13] | AIDS |
| Influenza virus | Amantadine, rimantadine, neuraminidase inhibitors [14] | Influenza |
| Varicella zoster virus | Acyclovir, valacyclovir [12] | Chicken pox |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Lamivudine [15] | Hepatitis B |
| Name of Parasite | ||
| Plasmodia spp. | Chloroquine, artemisinin, atovaquone [16] | Malaria |
| Leishmania spp. | Pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine paromomycin, amphotericin B [17,18] |
Leishmaniasis |
| Schistosomes | Praziquantel, oxamniquine [19,20] | Schistosomiasis |
| Entamoeba | Metronidazole [21] | Amoebiasis |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | Nitroimidazoles [22] | Trichomoniasis |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Artemisinin, atovaquone, sulfadiazine [23,24,25] | Toxoplasmosis |
* Bacillary dysentery.