Table 6.
Antibiofilm dendrimers developed in the last fifteen years.
| Mechanism of Action | Type of Dendrimers | Target Pathogens |
Preventing BF Formation |
Hindering BF Development |
BF Dispersal | Joint Therapy | [Ref.] Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition LecB | FD2 | P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
|
[156] 2008 |
| 2G3 |
|
|
|
|
[157] 2009 | ||
| Membrane (Ms) Disruptors |
(RW) 4D | E. coli |
|
|
|
|
[158] 2009 |
| Inhibition LecB | D-FD2 | P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
|
[159] 2011 |
| Inhibition LecA | GalAG2 and GalBG2 |
|
|
|
|
[160] 2011 | |
| Ms disruptors | (RW)4-NH2 | E. coli |
|
|
|
20 µM +0.5 µg/mL * 0% BF cells | [161] 2011 |
| (RW) 4D | E. coli HM22 |
|
|
|
20 µM +0.5 µg/mL * <10% BF cells | ||
| Ti-S(CaPO4)060-PEGPAMAMs Ti-S-060-PEGPAMAMs |
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus |
|
|
|
|
[162] 2011 | |
| SB056 | S. epidermidis P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
|
[163] 2012 | |
| Ms disruptors Release of NO |
NO-releasing PAMAMs # | P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
|
[164] 2013 |
| Inhibition LecA Inhibition LecB |
TGPDs | P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
|
[165] 2013 |
| Membranolytic Apoptotic |
Cationic antifungal peptide dendrimers (9, 14) |
C. albicans |
|
|
|
|
[166] 2015 |
| Outer cell wall damage Absence of true hyphae Filamentation inhibition Ms permeabilization |
AgNPs | C. albicans |
|
|
|
|
[59] 2015 |
| Outer cell wall damage Ms permeabilization BF mass penetration |
2D-24 | P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
Ciprofloxacin (Cip) 1
Tobramycin (Tob) **, 1 Carbenicillin (Car) 1 |
[152] 2015 |
| Ms disruptors Release of NO |
(G1–G4)-NO-releasing alkyl-PAMAMs # |
P. aeruginosa S. aureus MRSA |
|
|
|
|
[167] 2015 |
| Electrostatic interactions Ms disruptors Release of NO |
(G1)-NO-releasing alkyl PAMAMs # |
S. mutans |
|
|
|
|
[169] 2016 |
| Inhibition LecA | G3/G4 analogous of GalAG2 and GalBG2 | P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
|
[170] 2016 |
| Inhibition LecA Inhibition LecB |
Het1G2-Het8G2 Het1G1Cys-Het8G1Cys Others |
P. aeruginosa |
|
|
|
Dendrimer FD2+Tob | [171] 2016 |
| Ms disruptors | den-SB056-1 | S. epidermidis |
|
|
|
|
[172] 2016 |
| C16-DABCO-G4-PAMAM |
S. aureus
B. cereus |
 § |
|
|
|
[173] 2016 | |
| NH4+ carbosilane dendrimers and dendrons (CBSD) |
S. aureus CECT240 |
|
|
|
|
[78] 2016 | |
| Ms disruptor Ag release |
PEGylated-NH4+ CBSD-AgNPs |
S. aureus
E. coli |
|
|
|
|
[174] 2019 |
| Ms disruptor | BDSQ024 | C. albicans |
|
|
|
Amphotericin (AmphB) Caspofungin (CSF) |
[60] 2020 |
| ArCO2G2 (SNMe3I)4 | C. albicans |
|
|
2
|
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) + silver nitrate (AgNO3) | [175] 2021 | |
| Interaction/disruption of the Ms bilayers | MalG2(SNHMe 2Cl)4
DPC |
S. aureus |
2
|
2
|
|
Levofloxacin (LEV) | [176] 2021 |
| Interaction/disruption of the Ms bilayers No pore formation |
gH625-M 3 |
C. tropicalis
C. serratia C. marcescens S. aureus |
|
|
|
AmphB 4
Fluconazole (FC) Echinocandins 4 5 Flucytosine (5-FLC) |
[177] 2020 |
| Interaction/disruption of the Ms bilayers | PEG/no-PEG cationic CBSD | P. aeruginosa |
2
|
2
|
2
|
Endolysin | [178] 2022 |
* ofloxacin; ** best association; 1 target the synthesis of DNA, proteins, and cell wall; # NO payloads of ~1.0 μmol/mg; = reduced with respect to SB056; § the treatment of membranes with 1 mg/mL causes complete inhibition of the growth of S. aureus BFs; 2 when in combination as in the column 7; 3 analogous of the cell penetratin peptide gH625; 4 not functioning; HM22 denotes a strain containing the hipA7 allele, which maps to the hipA gene in the antitoxin-toxin module HipBA. The expression of the hipA7 allele confers a 1000-fold higher frequency of persister cells formation; AgNPs = silver nanoparticles; MRSA = methicillin-resistant S. aureus; = not reported; = yes, active; = no, not active.