Table 1.
Inhibitory features of P. spinosa fruit extracts against glycolytic enzymes and protein glycation.
| α-Glucosidase IC50
(µg/mL) |
α-Amylase IC50
(µg/mL) |
AGEs Formation IC50 (µg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analytes: | |||
| MEF | 15.43 ± 0.84 A | 68.32 ± 2.62 C | 42.94 ± 3.18 B |
| MED | 136.31 ± 4.24 D | 214.13 ± 12.20 F | 96.83 ± 3.41 D |
| DEFF | 18.11 ± 0.42 A | 40.89 ± 2.04 B | 73.61 ± 3.09 C |
| DEFD | 26.82 ± 2.75 A | 86.45 ± 3.71 C | 51.51 ± 3.57 B |
| EAFF | 52.39 ± 2.30 B | 33.47 ± 1.57 B | 75.34 ± 4.42 C |
| EAFD | 128.81 ± 6.29 D | 136.17 ± 10.18 E | 79.79 ± 5.39 C |
| BFF | 90.95 ± 13.00 C | 110.12 ± 15.46 D | 45.50 ± 3.03 B |
| BFD | 181.64 ± 9.23 F | 272.83 ± 4.18 G | 95.53 ± 2.67 D |
| WRF | 50.05 ± 2.10 B | *** | 82.93 ± 2.07 C |
| WRD | 161.06 ± 3.52 E | *** | 97.97 ± 5.62 D |
| Quercetin | * | 37.52 ± 2.32 B | - |
| Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) | 209.64 ± 5.64 G | - | 3.09 ± 0.17 A |
| Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | 635.13 ± 34.43 H | 31.28 ± 1.66 B | 10.90 ± 0.85 A |
| Chlorogenic acid | ** | 81.06 ± 3.94 C | 7.07 ± 0.74 A |
| 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) | ** | ** | ** |
| Reference standards: | |||
| Acarbose | 177.07 ± 9.10 E,F | 4.90 ± 0.30 A | - |
| Aminoguanidine | - | - | 78.89 ± 4.95 C |
IC50, Half inhibitory concentration (amount needed for 50% inhibition of a given process) expressed in µg/mg of the dry extract or standard/mL of the reaction mixture; * inactive up to a concentration of 50 µg/mL, above 50 µg/mL insoluble; ** inactive up to 1000 µg/mL; *** inactive up to 1500 µg/mL. For extracts codes, see Abbreviations. Data represent the mean values ± SD (n = 3). Values in each column labeled with different capital letters (A–H) are significantly different at p < 0.05.