Table 2.
FRET- and BRET-based biosensors for bioassay and diagnosis.
| Principle | Analyte | Donor/Acceptor | Source of Sample | LOD/Linear Range | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRET | Exosome | Cy3/MXenes | 1.4 × 103 particles mL−1 | [57] | |
| FRET | EpCAM | QDs/Cy3 | Serum | 600 pM | [58] |
| FRET | Dopamine | FAM/TAMRA | Serum | [59] | |
| FRET | Isoleucine | ECFP/Venus | Live cells | [60] | |
| FRET | Polysialic acid (PSA) | SQDs/Cy5 | Serum | 0.63 pM, 10 pM to 1 μM | [61] |
| FRET | cGMP | CFP/Venus, T-Sapphire/Dimer2 |
Live cells | [62] | |
| FRET | Glutathione (GSH) and SO2 | CM/BP | Live cells | 75 μM for GSH and 0.16 μM for SO2 | [63] |
| BRET | Small molecule drugs | NanoLuc/Cy3 | Whole blood | [66] | |
| BRET | Antibodies such as those against HIV1-p17, hemagglutinin (HA), and dengue virus type I |
NanoLuc/mNeonGreen | Plasma | 10 pM | [67,68,69] |
| BRET | Antibodies such as antiHIV1, anti-HA, and anti-DEN1 | NanoLuc/mNeonGreen | Whole blood | LODs of 2.8 nm, 7.1 nm, and 19.3 nm for anti-HIV1, anti-HA, and anti-DEN1, respectively |
[70] |
| BRET | Antigen such as osteocalcin/BGP | NanoLuc/maleimide dye in Q-body | Solution | 0.11 nM | [72] |
| BRET | Metabolites | NanoLuc/Cy3 | Whole blood | [73] | |
| BRET | miRNA | NanoLuc/mNeonGreen | Serum | [74] |