Table 3.

FRET- and BRET-based biosensors for environmental applications.

Principle	Analyte	Donor/Acceptor	Source of Samples	LOD/Linear Range	Ref.
FRET	Ochratoxin A (OTA)	QDs of different sizes	Agro-products	5 pg/mL	[88]
FRET	Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)	QDs/AuNPs	Agro-products	3.4 nM, 10–400 nM	[89]
FRET	Organophosphorus pesticides (Ops)	CQDs/AuNPs	Tap and river water samples	0.05 μg L−1, 0.05–50 μg L−1	[90]
FRET	Hg2+	UCNPs/GNPs	Tap water and milk samples	60 nM, 0.2–20 μM	[91]
FRET	Pb2+	CDs/Au NRs	Tap water and river water samples	0.05 μM, 0 to 155 μM	[92]
FRET	Bacteria	UCNPs/AuNPs	Food and water samples	3 cfu/mL, 5–106 cfu/mL	[93]
BRET	Ca2+/Mg2+	NanoLuc/Venus	Water		[94]