Table 6.
Volatile compounds in H. odoratissimum plants grown in aquaponic, hydroponic, and field systems.
| * Compounds | Aquaponics Peak Area in the Chromatogram |
Hydroponics Peak Area in the Chromatogram |
Field Plants Peak Area in the Chromatogram |
Retention Times |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decane | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 1.28 ± 0.33a | 0.92 ± 0.01a | 5.48 |
| Alpha-pinene | 3.31 ± 0.00a | 24.33 ± 6.09b | 20.06 ± 0.78ab | 5.79 |
| Nonadecane | 0.21 ± 0.10a | 0.61 ± 0.14a | 0.42 ± 0.07a | 6.68 |
| Camphene | 0.21 ± 0.12a | 1.15 ± 0.48b | 0.37 ± 0.01a | 7.01 |
| 4-Methyl-octane | 0.60 ± 0.30a | 2.69 ± 0.94b | 1.03± 0.11a | 7.38 |
| Beta-pinene | 0.79 ±0.06a | 2.68 ± 0.93b | 1.03 ± 0.11a | 8.13 |
| Undecane | 0.53 ± 0.05a | 0.43 ± 0.00a | 0.42 ± 0.00a | 8.34 |
| Alpha-phellandrene | 2.26 ± 1.11b | 0.31 ± 0.15a | 0.48 ± 0.04a | 8.47 |
| Myrcene | 0.77 ± 0.38a | 3.22 ± 1.03b | 1.38 ± 0.09a | 9.59 |
| Beta-phellandrene | 0.33 ± 0.03a | 0.50 ± 0.04a | 0.51 ± 0.01a | 12.28 |
| 1,8-Cineole | 4.33 ± 0.04a | 6.90 ± 0.36b | 5.83 ± 1.71a | 12.9 |
| O-ethyltoluene | 2.13 ± 1.17b | 0.31 ± 0.03a | 0.18 ± 0.10a | 12.19 |
| Ocimene | 1.40 ± 0.50a | 6.54 ± 2.15b | 2.53± 0.28a | 14.17 |
| Gamma-terpinene | 1.42 ± 0.57a | 6.443 ± 2.05b | 2.79 ± 0.37a | 11.87 |
| Styrene | 0.22 ± 0.10a | 0.67 ± 0.13b | 0.45 ± 0.02a | 14.72 |
| Beta-ocimene | 0.24 ± 0.09a | 0.66 ± 0.13a | 0.44 ± 0.03a | 14.72 |
| Para-cymene | 5.18 ± 1.86a | 14.76 ± 4.69b | 9.16 ± 0.87ab | 15.24 |
| 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 0.01 ± 0.01a | 5.91 ± 0.92b | – | 9.13 |
| Alpha-fenchene | 0.22± 0.12a | 1.38 ± 0.58a | 0.32 ±0.10a | 15.66 |
| Alpha-terpinolene | 0.89 ± 0.20a | 2.44 ± 0.46b | 1.29 ± 0.13ab | 15.76 |
| Cyclohexanone | 2.37 ± 0.32b | 1.07 ± 0.08a | 4.00 ± 0.06c | 15.76 |
| 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone | 0.01 ± 0.01a | 0.10 ± 0.00a | 0.16 ± 0.01a | 15.99 |
| 3-Hexenyl acetate | 1.72 ± 0.86a | 3.07 ± 0.56b | 1.47 ± 0.43a | 14.15 |
| 2-Heptenal | 1.56 ± 0.56a | 3.19 ± 0.45b | 1.52 ± 0.41a | 11.6 |
| 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 1.07 ± 0.21a | 1.74 ± 0.23bc | 2.31 ± 0.13c | 17.41 |
| Allo-ocimene | 2.77 ± 0.05a | 3.33 ± 0.47a | 3.19 ± 1.84a | 19.19 |
| Octenyl acetate | 2.32 ± 1.09a | 1.67 ± 1.67a | 4.98 ± 0.62b | 16.27 |
| 3-Hexenol | 0.21 ± 0.11a | 0.49 ± 0.05a | 0.62 ± 0.15a | 19.74 |
| 4-Methyl-1,5-heptadiene | 0.28 ± 0.05a | 0.04 ± 0.01a | 0.09 ± 0.01a | 20 |
| 3-Octanol-IStd | – | – | – | |
| 3-Ethyl-o-xylene | 0.48 ± 0.16a | 0.62 ± 0.24a | 0.20 ± 0.00a | 20.83 |
| Para-cymene | 0.90 ± 0.09a | 0.96 ± 0.06a | 0.96 ± 0.10a | 20.96 |
| Tetradecane | 2.67 ± 0.46a | 1.49 ± 0.85a | 1.03 ± 0.12a | 21.05 |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 4.07 ± 0.78a | 14.15 ± 1.71c | 7.59 ± 1.01b | 21.74 |
| Beta-fenchyl acetate | 3.79 ± 0.79a | 13.77 ± 1.69b | 3.77 ± 0.03a | 21.9 |
| 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol | 0.30 ± 0.00a | 2.67 ± 0.38b | 4.59 ± 0.05c | 22.12 |
| 2,5-Dimethyl-p-xylene | 0.51 ± 0.03a | 2.17 ± 1.16ab | 4.67 ± 0.07b | 22.28 |
| Alpha-ylangene | 6.25 ± 0.01a | 13.29 ± 3.98b | 8.15 ± 0.63ab | 22.63 |
| Italicene | 2.93 ± 0.65a | 4.64 ± 1.08b | 23.43 ± 0.85c | 22.99 |
| Benzaldehyde | 0.23 ± 0.09a | 1.15 ± 0.26b | 26.18 ± 0.78c | 23.16 |
| Allyl isopentanoate | 10.08 ± 1.34ab | 12.70 ± 1.05b | 5.24 ± 0.39a | 23.66 |
| Gamma-curcumene | 4.83 ± 0.20b | 2.83 ± 1.23a | 22.09 ± 2.19c | 20.05 |
| L-linalool | 6.71 ± 0.68a | 5.18 ± 2.09a | 52.53 ± 6.80b | 24.32 |
| Alpha-copaene | 7.54 ± 0.91a | 13.07 ± 3.84b | 55.57 ± 8.76c | 24.37 |
| Sabinene hydrate | 0.01 ± 0.01a | 0.01 ± 0.00a | 1.08 ± 0.04b | 24.63 |
| E,E-alpha-farnesene | 2.29 ± 0.17a | 4.67 ± 0.87b | 3.45 ± 0.06ab | 24.96 |
| Fenchol | 1.40 ± 0.14a | 2.03 ± 0.60a | 2.28 ± 0.01a | 25.13 |
| Beta-caryophyllene | 115.48 ± 24.27b | 114.71 ± 37.55ab | 102.57 ± 20.13a | 25.71 |
| (+)-Aromadendrene | 4.00 ± 0.46a | 49.89 ± 25.87ab | 97.52 ± 12.59b | 25.8 |
| Delta-elemene | 0.66 ± 0.23a | 2.37 ± 0.61b | 2.06 ± 0.02ab | 25.84 |
| (-)-Isoledene | 1.50 ± 0.31a | 2.35 ± 0.44a | 2.15 ± 0.19a | 26.59 |
| Ethyl-caprate | 1.05 ± 0.10a | 2.23 ± 0.45a | 1.52 ± 0.11a | 26.87 |
| Pinocarveol | 0.63 ± 0.01a | 2.15 ± 0.34b | 0.59 ± 0.03a | 27.04 |
| Gamma-elemene | 0.09 ± 0.03a | 0.14 ± 0.07a | 0.38 ± 0.04b | 27.11 |
| Alpha-humulene | 63.10 ± 1.97a | 110.20 ± 28.20b | 83.32 ± 7.45ab | 27.74 |
| Linaly-propanoate | 27.80 ± 15.17b | 100.91 ± 23.74c | 7.35 ± 0.41a | 27.81 |
| Alpha-humulene | 57.50 ± 3.19a | 99.98 ± 24.27c | 74.61 ± 9.23b | 20.23 |
| Acoradiene | 28.411 ± 15.58b | 101.85 ± 23.19c | 6.4 8± 0.37a | 27.91 |
| 1,8-Menthadien-4-ol | 4.11 ± 0.05a | 5.25 ± 0.66a | 12.61 ± 2.79b | 28.09 |
| Beta-himachalene | – | 0.73 ± 0.21a | 0.44± 0.04a | 28.14 |
| Beta-himachalene | 71.11 ± 35.55a | 78.89 ± 39.44b | – | – |
| Alpha-terpineol | 140.01 ± 19.25c | 114.10 ± 2.44b | 103.51 ± 2.56a | 19.05 |
| Ledene | 250.73 ± 112.38c | 232.02 ± 65.63b | 343.67 ± 40.25a | 28.65 |
| (+)-2-Carene | 369.88 ± 2.36a | 538.97 ± 44.64c | 508.44 ± 21.85b | 28.73 |
| Valencene | 181.80 ± 104.35c | 302.16 ± 173.95b | 0.88± 0.08a | 24.09 |
| Alpha-gurjunene | 1.02 ± 0.39a | 1.19 ± 0.25a | 0.36 ± 0.03a | 29.08 |
| Eremophilene | 1.02 ± 0.39a | 1.19 ± 0.25a | 0.36 ± 0.04a | 29.11 |
| Beta-selinene | 28.68 ± 2.82a | 44.48 ± 10.06c | 32.62 ± 3.45b | 29.11 |
| Neryl acetate | 27.44 ± 2.10a | 45.58 ± 10.74c | 32.62 ± 3.45b | 29.93 |
| Alpha-bisabonele | 8.84 ± 1.15a | 16.43 ± 3.69b | 8.63 ± 0.95a | 29.31 |
| Beta-bisabonele | 6.76 ± 0.57a | 12.93 ± 2.74c | 8.58 ± 1.22b | 29.37 |
| Alpha-cedrene | 5.89± 1.10a | 15.72 ± 4.63c | 10.33 ± 1.58b | 29.54 |
| 7-Epi-alpha-selinene | 17.24 ± 2.03a | 25.47 ± 4.27b | 22.90± 2.07ab | 29.93 |
| Delta-cadinene | 17.24 ± 2.03a | 25.37 ± 4.33b | 22.90 ± 2.07ab | 30.24 |
| Alpha-curcumene | 176.39 ± 24.57b | 100.28 ± 41.98a | 112.44 ± 50.42ab | 30.24 |
| Ar-curcumene | 180.67 ± 26.09a | 213.66 ± 20.00c | 192.62 ± 5.33b | 30.57 |
| Gamma-selinene | 2.59 ± 0.63a | 62.51 ± 33.73c | 6.42 ± 0.15b | 30.62 |
| Alpha-cadinene | 1.68 ± 0.21a | 2.63 ± 0.67a | 1.92 ± 0.30a | 30.95 |
| Nerol | 0.33 ± 0.03a | 0.91 ± 0.16a | 0.58 ± 0.06a | 31.06 |
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 4.54 ± 0.01ab | 5.93 ± 1.30b | 2.32 ± 0.40a | 31.18 |
| Isogeraniol | 0.42 ± 0.03a | 2.26 ± 0.41b | 0.83 ± 0.04a | 31.29 |
| Beta-damascenone | 0.42 ± 0.03a | 2.26 ± 0.41b | 0.79 ± 0.06a | 31.29 |
| 1S-calamenene | 5.48 ± 0.34c | 0.34 ± 0.33a | 4.13 ± 1.59b | 31.5 |
| Carveol | 5.64 ± 0.38a | 8.72 ± 1.68b | 6.16 ± 0.36ab | 31.61 |
| P-cymen-8-ol | 1.93 ± 0.66a | 0.92 ± 0.15a | 8.06 ± 0.55b | 31.85 |
| 4-Phenyl-2-butanone | 0.83 ± 0.04a | 0.75 ± 0.09a | 0.61 ± 0.07a | 31.87 |
| Ethyl laurate | 2.04 ± 1.14a | 5.39 ± 1.75b | 2.97 ± 1.36a | 31.98 |
| (E)-Geranyl acetone | 2.91 ± 0.73a | 5.52 ± 1.83b | 5.00 ± 0.35ab | 32.02 |
| Ascaridole | 2.68 ± 0.78a | 5.57 ± 1.84b | 4.87 ± 0.32ab | 32.02 |
| Benzyl alcohol | 0.72 ± 0.07a | 1.42 ± 0.26a | 1.20 ± 0.03a | 32.24 |
| 4-Ethyl-o-xylene | 2.08 ± 0.22a | 3.21 ± 0.70a | 2.49 ± 0.37a | 32.24 |
| Ethyl-3-phenylpropionate | 2.15 ± 0.25a | 3.24 ± 0.73a | 2.69 ± 0.37a | 32.4 |
| Phenylethyl alcohol | 4.80 ± 0.72ab | 6.57 ± 1.13b | 3.19 ± 0.70a | 32.4 |
| Alpha-calacorene | 12.86 ± 1.61a | 21.67 ± 5.27c | 17.73 ± 1.19b | 32.8 |
| Palustrol | 3.38 ± 0.08a | 3.20 ± 0.40ab | 0.82 ± 0.05a | 32.92 |
| Alpha-cubene | 2.70 ± 0.30a | 3.47 ± 0.74a | 2.80 ± 0.31a | 33.23 |
| Caryophyllene oxide | 2.54 ± 0.01a | 2.71 ± 0.52a | 3.02 ± 0.20a | 33.91 |
| (+)-Ledol | 2.42 ± 0.10a | 2.01 ± 0.24a | 2.02 ± 0.12a | 34.53 |
| Alpha-caryophyllene alcohol | 0.74 ± 0.03a | 0.71 ± 0.19a | 0.89 ± 0.01a | 34.82 |
| Fonenol | 14.12 ± 1.15a | 15.36 ± 1.07a | 13.65 ± 1.81a | 34.83 |
| Longifolenaldehyde | 12.54 ± 0.98a | 13.88 ± 0.68a | 11.63 ± 1.76a | 34.87 |
| N-benzylidenecyclohexylamine | 3.49 ± 0.35a | 3.47 ± 0.41a | 4.47 ± 0.38a | 35.01 |
| Cyclooctanone | 4.74 ± 0.01a | 7.54 ± 1.97b | 6.95 ± 0.72ab | 35.16 |
| Caryophyll-5-en-2-beta-Ol | 1.97 ± 0.13a | 1.54 ± 0.21a | 3.36 ± 0.07b | 35.78 |
| T-cadinol | 1.57 ± 0.01a | 1.54 ± 0.21a | 1.52 ± 0.14a | 35.78 |
| Eugenol | 12.06 ± 0.95a | 12.31 ± 1.69a | 17.22 ± 1.52b | 35.94 |
| (+)-Calarene | 1.20 ± 0.04a | 1.76 ± 0.17b | 1.36 ± 0.11a | 36.13 |
| Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (Juniper camphor) | 1.24 ± 0.09a | 1.98 ± 0.24b | 1.27 ± 0.08a | 36.13 |
| Beta-cadinene | 1.39 ± 0.11a | 1.55 ± 0.19a | 1.41 ± 0.05a | 36.19 |
| Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene | 1.74 ± 0.44a | 1.41 ± 0.14a | 2.27 ± 0.18a | 36.3 |
| Carvacrolok | 2.95 ± 0.14a | 3.47 ± 0.55a | 3.61 ± 0.21a | 36.46 |
| Alpha-eudesmol | 6.33 ± 0.61ab | 0.62 ± 0.09a | 8.06 ± 0.60b | 36.62 |
| Beta-eudesmol | 2.27± 0.15a | 2.48 ± 0.25a | 2.22 ± 0.18a | 36.73 |
| Decanoic acid | 2.37 ± 0.09a | 4.03 ± 0.95b | 3.00 ± 0.53ab | 37.08 |
| (-)-Phyllocladene | 7.55 ± 0.76a | 9.58 ± 0.61b | 6.46 ± 1.03a | 38.44 |
| 2,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene | 5.83 ± 0.34a | 11.11 ± 3.55c | 8.23 ± 1.75b | 38.57 |
| Xanthorrhizol | 1.95 ± 0.29a | 3.34 ± 0.64b | 3.27 ± 0.38ab | 40.9 |
| Total number of compounds | 116 | 116 | 116 |
* Volatile compounds having a match quality of at least 90% with the mass spectral library were identified and reported. Means followed by the same lowercase letters in the same column are not significantly different (p > 0.05) following comparison using Pearson’s chi-square test.